"
ee
aw y pS af Sg rc wt a ae W. v + - i) My, Rt P f : o ’ wR * r 1 a rs \ a pee: oe ire
es . :
ta | )
. wat e it are at fe | ¥ x" "
\ "7
7 x * re & if ; a
A i i Oe . . *A 4 ¥ Ste a faa ~* 4 -+ 5 a 3 wy . a P . P “Ay Mey! §
(
we ZY
a ¢ i ty : = . ial Pi conn Re a 4 iM, y : a 4! i Me ¢:.
‘A pls CARDEN
Hi 4 ie a} WS > ae . VW Gi fork YSN 4 ele J
re
CHOE ECTARIQUE DE GENEVE
WSibU EN 1922
t
DUPLICATA DE LA BIRLIOTHRQUE
DU CORSERYs
ets
DUPLICATA DE LA BIBLIOTHEQUE aad CONSERVAT ‘Cin BCTANIQUE DE GENEVE VELDU EN 1922
7
TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH.
DUPLiGats Far: x: eee ee De ee Brea = =
BU CoONgERY, =CIZE BcTs, eo TUE VEL3U ti iscg SP NEVE
-— 43
* ¢ * i. Se _-* ; >
i
i
TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH.
VOLUME XXIII.
INCLUDING SESSIONS LXIX.—LXXII. (1905-1908).
WITH NUMERO US EE RYS TRATIONS.
DUPLICAT, DE @U conseny .---. 4 PBLiorag
ILE ECTAaE
Tt ‘ * VEEDU EX QUE DE GENEVE Le
Ig22
EDINBURGH :
PRINTED FOR THE BOTANICAL SOCIETY. 1908,
i D)
‘
eb
Bi he mae
CONTENTS OF VOL. XXIII.
Freshwater Alge from the Orkneys and Shetlands. (Pl. I. and II.) By W. West, F.L.S., and Professor G. S. West, M.A., F.L.S.
Some Rare Caithness Plants. By J. Greg. Nicolson :
Obituary Notice of the late A. P. Aitken, D.Sc. By Wm. B. Boyd
Report of Scottish Alpine Botanical Club Excursion in 1904. By Alexander Cowan :
Notes on Mosses and Hepatics tafhentad Parle Gezeauion of Seottish Alpine Botanical Club in 1904, By L. J. Cocks .
Notes on Puccinia graminis. By P. Joannides, B.Se.
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS on ‘‘Herbaria and Biology.” By Professor Jaa ie Drain RES: : : :
Alpine Flora and Rarer Plants of the telenshes District By William Young
The Hepaties of the Gintates Distr a By walker woe
The Botany of the South Orkneys. (Pl. III.) By R. N. usw Brown, B.Sc., C. H. Wright, F.L.S., and O. V. Darbishire .
Note on Arenaria tenuifolia, Linn., as a Scottish Plant. By W. W. Smith, M.A, : : : 5 ; :
On Drosera Banksii, R.Br. By Dr. Morrison : ; : :
Acacias in Various Places: A Study in Associations. By G. F. Scott Elliot, M.A., B.Se., F.L.S. ; : : : : :
The Extra-’ fronieil rece of Arran, By the Rev. David Lands- borough, LL. D., Kilmarnock
The Savannahs of Guyana. By Eduard Essed : :
Meeting of the Scottish Alpine Botanical Club, 1905, at Killin. By Alexander Cowan
Notes on the Flora of the Coast ail slandls of Poreagdese East Africa, with Photographs of interesting Trees, pay and Forest Scenery. By J. A. Alexander. : :
Note on Rhacomitrium ramulosum, By William Young
Note on a Rare British Fern, Hah is fragilis, Yoni Baerereintin By William Young
Note on Adiantum Capillus- rohan is. By D. S. Fish .
Contributions towards the Botany of Ascension. By R. N. Budmoae Brown, B.Sc.
PRESIDENTIAL ADDREsS for Session 1905-6. By Professor Bayley Balfour, F.R.S.
PAGE
101
CONTENTS
PAGE PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS for Session 1906-7. By Professor Bayley
Balfour, F.R.S. 3 é = eS Notes on New Jiseases on Piss pungens and Mee pottonetee By
A. W_ Borthwick, D.Sc. : ; : : : ‘ ; 232, 233 Note on Juncus effusus, var. spiralis. By Mr. Magnus Spence . 233 Note on certain Tussock-Formations occurring in the Scilly Isles.
(Pl. IV.) By W. W. Smith, M.A. ; , 5 . dt Further Note on Australian Tuberous Droseras. By Dr. A. Morrison. 236 Note on Abnormal Leaves of Hippuris. By H. F. Tagg, F.L.S. 237 Report of Scottish Alpine Botanical Club Excursion, 1906. By Mr.
Alexander Cowan : . 241 Preliminary Note on Paes in Pith er a Cueeiie ‘By Bae fe
Bews, M.A., B.Sc. , : ; : eae 2G
~ A New Meconopsis from Yunnan. (PI. V.) By Lieuk Ger D. Prain,
F.R.S. ; : : : - ee Patrick Blair, Surgeon eed, Dundes. By Mr. Alexander P.
Stevenson 259 Additional Notes on F aes ae Pacietrce Bane Bast ee By Mr.
J. A, Alexander . : 3 277 Note on Ophrys hybrida, Pane By Mr. J. F. Jeffrey 282 On the Ricci of the Edinburgh District. (Pl. VI.) as W; eae
F.R.S.E. : 285 A West of Scotland arden Wanencine: eee 1906. "9 Rg.
David Landsborough, LL. D. 291 Potamogeton pensylvanicus, Cham. et Schlecht, ee einen is England.
By Mr. Arthur Bennett 311 The Flora of Prince Charles Foreland, Snviahereni By R. N ; deta
Brown, B.Sc. . 313 Excursion of the Scottish Acca ee ‘Club to Killin, 1907. By
Mr. Alexander Cowan . : - 823 The Aas and Hepatics of Prince Charles Forplandl Spitsbergen. By
. J. Hagen 326 On oh Prothallus of Enpitaaeonaban } “clthcingiag um. (Pl. “VIL. ) By
Wm. T. Gordon, M.A., B.Sc. - 330 Luminosity in Plants. By ie Bertha Cheadle M. me . 333 Trees on the Dawyck Estate. (Pl. VIII.-XIII.) By W. Balfour
Gourlay, B.A. 3 . 338 Cases of Abnormal Goenination’ in Seeds of Pojanune iawea (Pl.
XIV.) By J. W. Bews, M.A., B.Sc. 342 The Use of Arsenic in Horticulture. By J. Bautherford Hill, Ph. C. 348 Some Mosses and Hepatics from the Isle of May. By William Evans,
F.R.S.E. 348 PRESIDENTIAL ADDREss for Session 1907-8. By J. Rutherford Hill,
Phe. : : - : : : é : : : » 852 APPENDIX . 381 INDEX 393
TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS
’ ;
BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH.
f G (
VOLUME XXIII.
EDINBURGH:
PRINTED FOR®THE BOTANICAL SOCIETY BY NEILL & CO. LIMITED.
1905.
CONTENTS.
Freshwater Alge from the Orkneys and Shetlands. By W. West, F.L.S., and Professor G. S. West, M.A., F.L.S. . 7
Some Rare Caithness Plants. By J. Greg. Nicolson . Obituary Notice of the late A. P. Aitken, D.Sc. By Wm. B. Boyd . Report of Scottish Alpine Botanical Club. By Alexander Cowan
Notes on Mosses and Hepatics collected during Excursion of Scottish Alpine Botanical Club in 1904. By L. J. Cocks .
Notes on Puccinia graminis. By P. Joannides, B.Sc.
Presidential Address on ‘‘Herbaria and Biology.” By Professor J. W. H. Trail, F.R.S. : : 2 3 : ; = e
Alpine Flora and Rarer Plants of the Glenshee District. By William Young. = 2 : : F : ‘
The Hepatics of the Glenshee District. By William Young
The Botany of the South Orkneys. By R. N. Rudmose Brown, B.Sc., C. H. Wright, F.L.S., and O. V. Darbishire 2 a F
Note on Arenaria tenuifolia, Linn., as a Scottish Plant. By W. W. Smith, M.A- - : : : ; : ;
On Drosera Banksii, R.Br. By Dr. Morrison
TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH.
aT oh ae a pmraRry SESSION LXIX. pew YORK ga rear
MEETING OF THE SOCIETY,
Thursday, November 10, 1904. Symincton Grisve, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The following Office-Bearers were appointed for Session 1904-5 :—
PRESIDENT. Professor IsAAc BayitEyY BALrour, M.A., M.D., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.L.S.
VICE-PRESIDENTS. ALEXANDER Cowan, Esq. | Ropert A. Rosertson, M.A., SYMINGTON GRIEVE, Esq. B.Sc., F.R.S E. Ropert Lrypsay, Esq.
COUNCILLORS. A. W. Borruwick, D.Sc. | J. A. Terras, B.Sc. Artuur E. Daviss, Ph.D., F.L.S. | Professor J. W. M. Tratt, M.A,, Professor = PATRICK CGEDDES, | M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S. F.R.S.E. | PercrvaL C. Warts, Esq. J. Rurwerrorp Hi, Esq. | WixtiAM WILLIAMSON, Esq.
R. Stewart MacDovueatt, M.A.,.| JAMES Wuytock, Esq. D.Sc., F.R.S.E. |
Honorary Secretary—Wi.Lu1aAM Craic, M.D., F.R.S.E., F.R.C.S.E. Curator of Herbariwm—W,. CaLpwELL CRrAwrorp, M.A., F.R.S.E. Foreign Secretary—Rev. D. Paun, M.A., LL.D.
TRANS. BOT. SOC. EDIN. VOL. XXIII. 1
2 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [Sess uxix.
Treasurer—RICHARD Brown, C.A.
Honorary Assistant-Secretary—W. W. Smiru, M.A. Artist—Francis M. Carrp, M.B., C.M., F.R.C.S .E. Auditor—Ropert C. Miuuar, C. AL ; eo
LOCAL SECRETARIES.
Aberdeen—Professor J. W. H. Tra, M.A., M.D., F.LS., _ Bathgate—Rogert Kirk, M.D., F.R. C. S.E. Berwick-on-Tweed—Francis M. Norman, R.N. Lirmingham—W. H. Wivxrxson, F.L.S., F.R.M.S., Manor Hill, Sutton Coldfield. Bournemouth—JouN ARCHIBALD, M.D..,. F.R.S.E. Caleutta—Davip Pratn, M.B., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Royal Botanic Garden. Ms Professor 8S. C. ManaLanosis, B.Sc., F.R.S.E., F.R.M.S., Presidency College. Cambridge—ArtTHuR Evans, M.A. Croydon—A. Bennett, F.LS. Dundee—Professor P. Gepprs, F.R.S.E. East Liss, Hants—JamMeEs Sykes GamBie, M.A., C.LE., F.R.S. Glasgow—Professor F. O. BoweEr, Sc.D., F.R.S., F.LS. e Professor J. CLELAND, M.D., LL.D., D.Sc.; FBS. * Professor G. F. Scott-Extiiot, M.A., B.Se., F.L.S. =A ALEX. SoMERVILLE, B.Sc., F.L.S. Lincoln—GEoRGE May Lowe, M.D., C.M. London—WitiiaAM CARRUTHERS, F.R.S., F.L.S. 3 E. M. Hotmes, F.LS., F.R.H.S. = Sir Georce Kine, M.D., F.R.S. Melrose—W. B. Boyp, of Faldonside. Otago, New Zealand—Protessor James Gow Brack, D.Sc., University. Perth—Sir Ropert Puuuar, F.RS.E. Philadelphia, U.S.A.—Professor Jonn M. MACFARLANE, DSc., F.R.S.E St Andrews—Professor M‘Intosu, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E. - Ropert A. Rowsnrson, M.A, BSc. a J. H. Witson, D.Sc. Toronto, Untario—W. R. RippELt, B.Sc., B.A. : Professor Ramsey Wricut, M.A., B.Sc. Wellington, New Zealand—Sir James Hector, M.D., K.C.MG., F.R.SS. L. & E ; Wolcerhampton—Joun Fraser, M.A., M.D.
ie
A>
The Honorary ASSISTANT-SECRETARY read the communica- tion of Mr. W. West, F.L.S., and Professor G. S.~ West, M.A., F.LS., on “ The Freshwater Alge of the Orkneys and Shetlands.” The paper was communicated by Professor I. Bayley Balfour.
Nov. 1904. | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH a)
FRESHWATER ALG FROM THE ORKNEYS AND SHETLANDS. By W. West, F.LS., and Professor G. S. West, M.A., F.LS:
PAGE
I. IntTRODUCTION . A : , : ; , ; 3 : 3 II. PHYTOPLANKTON FROM THE ORKNEYS AND SHETLANDS . : 5 IIT. GENERAL SysteMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE COLLECTIONS . : 10
I.—INTRODUCTION.
With the assistance of a grant from the Royal Society, a visit was made during August 1903 to the Orkney and Shetland Islands for the purpose of extending our knowlege of the distribution of British freshwater alge.
The Orkneys were visited first, the only islands investi- gated being the southern part of Pomona and the northern part of Hoy. On Pomona, collections were made from the neighbourhood of Kirkwall, Stromness, Finstown, and Loch Kirbister, but as the geological formation is mostly Old Red Sandstone, these localities are not so good as one would otherwise expect. The collections from Hoy were somewhat richer, perhaps owing to the fact that some of them were made at a greater altitude, but there were few suitable places for the occurrence of these plants.
The only two islands of the Shetland group which could be visited were Bressay and the Mainland. The principal area examined on Bressay was in the northern part, in the immediate vicinity of a group of small lakes known as the Beosetter Lochs. The districts investigated on the Mainland were to the south and west of Lerwick and to the north and east of Scalloway.
Cultivation of the land is relatively much more extensive in both the Orkneys and the Shetlands than in many parts of Scotland, and the low-lying districts which were probably at one time extensive bogs, are now drained, and alge are con- sequently scarce in such localities. Sleeping accommodation away from the fishing towns is practically non-existent, and in very wet seasons this fact seriously interferes with the investigation of many of the more promising districts. Another factor which has caused this contribution to be less
4 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [ Szss. LXIX.
representative than it might have been was the difficulty of obtaining a passage from one island to another.
Since the recent investigations of freshwater alge from Iceland and the Faerée Islands by Bérgesen, the present contribution is of special interest.
Bérgesen! records 321 species of freshwater alge from the Faerées, exclusive of Diatoms. Of these, 174 are Desmids, 118 of which are now known to occur from the Orkneys and Shetlands. Certain species recorded from the Faerdes are conspicuous by their absence from our own collections. Such are Euastrum crassum (Bréb.), Kitz; E. insigne, Hass; Xan- thidium armatum (Bréb.), Rabenh.; and Micrasterias oscitans, Ralfs, var. mucronata (Dixon), Wille, although it is most probable that all these occur in the Shetlands, if not in the Orkneys also.
From Iceland, Bérgesen? records 58 Desmids, 50 of which occur in the Orkneys and Shetlands. One of the most notable of these is Cosmarium Cucumis, Corda, var. magnum, Racib.
The previous records of freshwater alge from the two groups of the Orkneys and Shetlands are very scanty.
In West’s “ Notes on Scotch Freshwater Alge” (“Journ. Bot.,” April 1893) there are the following records from the Orkneys :—(Edogonium Itzigsohnii, De Bary, var. minor, West; Microspora pachyderma (Wille), Lagerh. [“ Conferva pachy- derma, Wille”); M. floccosa (Vauch.), Thur. [“ Conferva floccosa, Ag.”]; Tribonema bombycinum (Ag.), Derb. and Sol. [“ Conferva hombycina, Ag.” |; Oocystis apiculata, West ; Trochiscia insignis (Reinsch), Hansz., f. minor, West; Glwocystis gigas (L.), Lagerh. [“Gl. ampla (Kitz), Rabenh.”]; G7. rupestris (Lyngb.), Rabenh.; Vroeoceus insignis, Kitz; Gleotrichia Pisum (Ag.), Thur.; Stz- gonema turfaceum (Eng. Bot.), Cooke; Cyclotella operculata, Kiitz; Navicula eryptocephala, Kiitz; N. dicephala, Ehrenb.; N. radiosa, Kiitz: N. Brébissonii, Kiitz.
In W. and G. S. West’s “ New British Freshwater Algae” (« Journ. Roy. Mier. Soc.,” 1894) two species are mentioned from the Orkneys: Xanthidium Robinsonianum, Arch., and Cosmarium furcatospermum, W. and G. S. West.
1 F. Borgesen, “Freshwater Alge of Faerdes,” “Bot. of Faerées,” Part L, Copenhagen, 1901.
2 F. Borgesen, “Nogle Ferskvandsalger fra Island,” “ Botanisk Tids- skrift,” Bd. 22, 1898.
Nov. 1904. | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 5
In Roy and Bissett’s “ Scottish Desmidiee” (“ Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist.,” 1893-94), the following Desmids are mentioned from the Orkneys :—Staurastrum muricatum, Bréb.; Arthro- desmus octocornis, Ehrenb., 8 major, Ralis; Cosmarium biocul- atum, Bréb.; C. pseudonitidulum, Nordst; Clostervwm uttenu- utum, Ehrenb.; Cl. Cynthia, De Not; Cl. intermedium, Ralts ; Cl. Leibleinti, Kitz; Cylindrocystis diplospora, Lund ; and Cos- marium amenum, Bréb.; Closterium attenuatum, Khrenb.; and Penium polymorphum, Perty, from Unst, Shetlands.
Il.—PHYTOPLANKTON FROM THE ORKNEYS AND SHETLANDS.
Plankton material was obtained from only one freshwater loch in Pomona, Orkneys. This was Loch Kirbister, about six miles south-east of Kirkwall, and 49 feet above the sea- level. The material was collected on a stormy day, and has proved somewhat poor. One of the chief features was the presence of numerous specimens of Amphora ovalis, Kiitz, of large size. Three typical plankton-species of the genus Staurastrum were present, and there were numerous Rhizo- pods and Peridiniez.
On the Mainland of the Shetlands plankton-material was collected from Loch Asta (altit. about 26 ft.), Neugles Water (altit. 222 ft.), Loch Sandy (altit. about 240 ft.), Loch Trebister (altit. 243 ft.), and Loch Brindister (altit. 217 ft.) On Bressay material was obtained from several of the Lochs Beosetter (altit. about 50 ft.).
The plankton was not very rich, and this can doubtless be partly attributed to the wetness of the season, the lochs being very full. Another determining factor of the relative rich- ness of the plankton of these lochs was the shallowness of the water. They were all small, shallow lochs, and the plankton of such bodies of water differs very considerably from that of larger rocky lakes, containing fewer species of the Desmidiacee. <Asterionella formosa, Hass, was abundant, but no specimens of A. gracillima, Heib., were observed, a species which is abundant in the plankton of Sutherland, Ross, and the Outer Hebrides.
The most interesting species noticed in the collections were; Genicularia Sprrotenia, De Bary, from Loch Beosetter, Bressay Closterropsis longissima, Lemm., var. tropicwm, from Loch Asta ;
6 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [Szss. uxix.
and Urucigenia irregularis, Wille, from several lochs in ‘the Shetlands. The latter is of special interest, as it occurs in the Norwegian plankton. Very large forms of Amphiplewra pellucida, Kitz, were observed in some oi the collections, individuals attaining two or three times the usual size of- this Diatom. Two undescribed species of Staurastrwm oc- curred in quantity: a very prettily marked species—+S*? boreale, sp. n.—tfrom Loch Asta, and St. affine, sp. n., from Loch Brindister and Neugles Water. ‘St. Manfeldtii, Delp. was not uncommon, and in Loch Sandy it was in enormous abundance.
One form of Xanthidium antilopeum (Bréb.), Kiitz, eich appears to be a feature of the plankton of the English Lake District, of Scotland, and the Outer Hebrides, and which occurred in quantity from the Shetlands, we have named X. antilopeum, var. depauperatum. ,
Quite recently Bérgesen and Ostenfeld? have reported on some plankton from the Faerées, and of the 52 species of alge they record, 28 occur in the plankton of the Shetlands.
A number of the Peridiniexz were abundant, and some long-spined forms of Cerativm hirvndinella were observed: Rhizopods were by no means uncommon, and the Rotifers Anures cochlearis, A. aculeata, and Notholea longispina, were abundant. Mallomonas acaroides occurred in immense quan- tity in Loch Sandy, and large numbers of Die were in the plankton of Loch Trebister.
The description of these plankton-collections is tabulated; the last column being reserved for Bérgesen and Ostenfeld’s records from the Faerdes. This is inserted for direct comparison. sara a
1 F. Borgesen and C. H. (Ostenield, “ Phytoplankton of Lakes in ees Faerées,” “ Bot. of Faerdes,” Copenhagen, 1902. ;
Nov. 1904, | BOTANICAL SOCIETY
SPECIES.
OF EDINBURGH
al | Loch Kirbister, Orkneys.
Loch Asta.
I
Loch Brindister, |
| |
| Loch Clickhimin.
| 11. | II1.| rv.
Shetlands.
Neugles Water.
<
! | Loch Sandy.
< =
Si Loch Trebister.
Loch Beosetter,
Faerées (Borgesen).
Bressay.
< _ _ =
-| IX.)
CHLOROPHYCE.
(idogonium, spp. (sterile) . - : : c Ulothrix subtilis, Kitz, var. variabilis (Kiitz), Kirchn. . A : : - F< moniliformis, Kiitz. Mougeotia, spp. (sterile) . Debarya glyptosperma (De Bary), Wittr. Zugnema stellinum, Vauch., var. eylindrosper- mum, var.D. . y : : E Spirogyra, spp. (sterile) . Genicularia Spirotenia, De Bary . Gonatozygon monotenium, De Bary : Kinahani (Arch. ), Rabenh. . : Netrium Digitus (Ehrenb.), Itzigsh. and Rothe Penium margaritaceum (Ehrenb. ), Bréb., var. irregularius, var. D. - : : E P. minutum (Ralfs), Cleve Closterium Cynthia, De Not . parvulum, Nag Venus, Kutz. incurvum, Bréb. Leibleinii, Kiitz . moniliferum (Bory), Ehrenb. Ehrenbergii, Menegh. . : Lunula (Mull.), N itzsch. acerosum (Schrank), Ehrenb. macilentum, Bréb. : 5 abruptum, West Cornu, Ehrenb. . aciculare, T. West, var. subpronum, W. and G. S. West . 5 4 Tetmemorus granulatus (Bréb.), Ralfs . levis (Kiitz), Ralfs. Euastrum oblongum (Grey.), Ralfs sinuosum, Lenorm, ansatum, Ralfs bidentatum Nag . elegans (Bréb. ), Kutz . denticulatum (Kirchn.), Gay gemmatum (Bréb.), Ralfs — . pectinatum, Bréb., var. inevolutum, var. 0. verrucosum, Ehrenb., Nordst. 2 Micrasterias denticulata, Bréb. Sol, Ehrenb. ; 33 papillifera, Bréb. : Cosmarium subcrenatum, Hantzsch ~ Phaseolus, Bréb. : ; “ reniforme Ralf), Arch. . + margaritiferum (Turp. 4 Menegh. a7 depressum (Nag.), Lund. . bioculatum, Bréb. contractum, Kirchn., “var, " ellipsoid- eum (Eliv. OW. and G. 8. West subtumidum, Nordst., var. Klebsii (Gutw. ) nob. = ~ 3 A Turpinii, Bréb. subpunctulatum, ‘Nordst punctulatum, Bréb. humile, Gay 3 > Beeckii, Wille
var. reductum,
»
xX XXX
x
x
xX XK XK XK
x* Xx X
xX
XX XX
KKXXKXKX XXX x KXXXX *KXKXKX xX X &
x
x XX
8 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [Sess. ixix.
SPECIES.
CHLOROPHYCEX2—continued.
Cosmarium subprotumidum, Nordst 53 subcostatum, Nordst . = formosuluin, Hoff. —. = pyramidatum, Bréb. ; granatum, Breb. , var. subgranatum. Nordst . : E. tetraophthalmum, Bréb. sa Botrytis (Bory), Menegh. s5 speciosum, Lund. - subspeciosum, Nordst | 9 subarctoum (Lagerh.), Racib.., forma puntata : : E al 53 abbreviatum, Racib. Meneghinii, Bréb, 33 ee forma octangularts, ‘Wille | 5 angulosum, Bréb., var. concinnum (Rabenh.), We and G. S. West al dificile, Liitkem, var. subleve, Liittkem) Xanthidium antilopewm (Bréb.), Kiitz, var. | depauperatum, Var... : Arthrodesmus triangularis, Lagerh. a &- var. hebridarum, w. and G. S. West Staurastrum dejectum, Bréb. = var. injlatum, West “F curvatum, West 5 a jaculiferum, West cuspidatum, Bréb., var. maximum, West 5 ; 5 5 55 teliferuin, Ralfs 3 pilosum, Nag = Saxonicum, Buln. 3 erasum, Bréb. . 53 brevispinum, Bréb. . i lunatum, Ralfs, var. planctonicum, W.-and G. S. West ; “f granulosum re y, Ralfs . 33 punctulatum, Bréb. 3 eS alternans, Bréb. : 3 dilatatum, Ehrenb., var. vbtusi- lobum., De Not is orbiculare, Ralfs, var. depressum, Roy and ’Biss. . . : rh brachiatum, Ralfs * hexacerwm (Ehrenb. ), Wittr. oe cyrtocerum, Bréb., var compactum, var. D. : : ; 5 ” affine, sp. D 55 pelagicum, Ww. sink G. 8. West. “a pseudopelagicum, W.andG.S8. W est s paradoxwm, Meyen. . var. longipes, Nordst . var. cingulum, W. and
” ”
9 cE
G.S. West PA gracile, Ralfs : 33 boreale,sp.n. . 4 Man fe'dtii, Delp.
= anatinum, Cooke and Wills * tetracerum, Ralfs{ - , var. evolutum, var. n.
ineecoannme granulatum, Roy and Biss.
wa Z| 2 Shetlands. a z 5 8 eee g aM 3\s m > El Ss 2) 2 | 3 | Sa aee = s =a |3 2\sis S| 2 |eelx Nectar tal erie 3 = efi|a 2)“ |) 272 |e eles 22 2 4/5 Alo ls S = Bix] 5 1 | On es) cee 3 gas oa peal 2) Sie Fe S 3 A ra 2 | Falls ; } X. | IE. | TEL) EV.) Ve evi vale vee | | = | ee | | | | ee | ee | x4 x | es] x x / | x | x H lias x. | Mm | m4 x x x Reval! xX x ened / ad | ' j Mentll | x | x x | x | x Iheyg x ss | | Xx D6 oe x | x x | Xx x x x % |, xX x x lex x | x \ %* x % |x >a) le * x x ee 4 x x x x oa x a5 x x x x ys x : x oe x x x x ris x % | xX x iy x i x bx og x x me x fh | x x x | rd 4 x | xX x x x x r bX x x oe x x
Nov. 1904. | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH.
Shetlands.
|
SPECIES.
Loch Asta. Loch Brindister. | Loch Clickhimin.
Loch Sanday. Loch Trebister.
|
Faerées (Borgesen).
Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
< | Neugles Water.
.| VIII.
= = = = o a <
| - | Loch Kirbister, Orkneys. | < _—
< i A al pa
CHLOROPHYCEX—continued. |
Hyalotheca mucosa (Dillw.), Ehrenb. . ; : Pandorina morum (Miill.), Bory . : 4 ; x Eudorina elegans, Ehrenb. . 3 ; , Beles | lees Urococeus insignis, Kiitz P : Pediastrum Boryanum (Turp. ))s Menegh. a var. granulatum, Ralts + glanduliferum, Benn. F : 3 < Guplex, Meyen. . 5 5) (aly Soh Suh OK ee x Z integrum, Nig Celastrum sphericum, Nig . Crucigenia irregularis, Wille . Scenedesmus bijugatus (Turp.), Kutz. é : | “2 quadricauda (Turp.), Bréb. —. 203] rs var. abundans, Kirchn. a denticulatus, Lagerh. a - acutiformis, Schroder, var. brasili- ensis (Bohlin), nob. aes x Ankistrodesmus falcatus (Corda), Ralfs | x » a Ee acicularis (A. “Br. ), G.S. West . x x ny By var. spiralis (Turn. ), G.S. West . . x 9 var. mirabilis, G.S. West x x Pfitzeri (Schroder), G.'S. West. | X Closteriopsis longissima, Lemm., var. propeun, | W.and G.S. West . = x Kirchneriella obesa (West), Schmidle - ; | a Oocystis crassa, Wittr. . 5 : ; 4 | x Be apiculata, West i : : F x » parva, W.andG.8. West 5 x N ephrocytium A lgardhianum, Nag Tetraédron minimum (A. Br.), Hansg. . Dictyospherium Ehrenbergianuwm, Nig 3 al Tneffigiata neglecta, W. and G.S. West. : eal Spherocystis Schroeteri, Chodat . UN ae I Gleeocystis gigas (Kiitz). ” Lagerh. : i Ble zas
xX X
XXX XX x x
PH HOPHYCESX. |
Dinobryon cylindricum, Imhof, var. divergens (Imhof), Lemm. 5
“0 elongatum, Imhof, var. undulatum,
Lemm. . - é ; 5 2 |
BACILLARIE®.
Melosira granulata (Ehrenb.), Ralfs 5 Cyclotella comta (Ehrenb.), Kiitz - : - | a Tabellaria floceulosa (Roth), Kiitz . a5 Jenestrata (Lyngb.), Kiitz var. asterionelloides, Grun. Diatoma elongatum, Ag. : “ Fragilaria mutabilis (W. Sm. 5 Grun. | >| x Crotonensis (A. M. Edw. )s Kitton Synedra pulchella, Kiitz 33. Acus (Kiitz), Grun. A sterionella formosa, Hass P : . | Achnanthes coarctata, Bréb. . ; : : ; | Sa |
ee XXX X x x
Cocconeis Placentula, Ehrenb. Navieula major, Kitz ? : { : ‘ | + viridis, Kiitz . ‘ = ae ok Oy | Ree’ x
xX XK
x XK X KK
xX XK XK
x XX
10 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [Sess. 1x1.
n = Shetlands. ee a = z 8 (2 | 8 Sees | 2\¢|3\4\2)e) = lecie SPECIES. fete eps ete | 2) | = aa | a Et ies Ce tellin it |) Sot SS IMi|¢\al/Si/mla| # (Aes treet tes: al eerie Ss/ 8) 2 | ao] 3 S| ell Saas ° =) al ° ° fo} Zz Ss 5 H | | I. | (0. |110.) IV. V- | VI.| VIL. | VIM.) TX. | BACILLARIEA—continued. Navicula alpina (W.Sm.), Ralfs . 2 ‘ : x 5 Brébissonii, Kutz. : : : salle 3 ‘radiosa, Kiitz . z é A Sales 5 elliptica, Kiitz : : 5 Olt 2cSn tue s Tridis, Ehrenb., var. is (Ehrenb.), Van Heurck. : : ANTS 26 | pusilla, W. Sm. : : . : x Stauroneis Phenicenteron, Ehrenb. : F x | Vanheurckia rhomboides (Ehrenb. ), Bréb., var. | Saxonica (Rabenh.), G. S. West Nes | x Amphipleura pellucida, Kiitz : : 5 x Gyrosigma attenuatum (Kiitz), Rabenh. ; ; x Gomphonema intricatum, Kiitz, var. Vibrio (Ehrenb. i Van Heurck Ht 56 olivacewm (Lyngb. )», Kitz x Coeconema lanceolatum, Ehrenb. } x ,, | eymbiforme, Ehrenb. x | | } Amphora ovalis, Kiitz . x | xX x \ | Epithemia turgida (Ehrenb.), “Riitz | x | | gibba, Kiitz se oe Nitzschia \Palem (Kiitz), W. Sm. 5 : : So lsee os x » linearis (Ag.),W.Sm. . : 4 x Cymatopleura elliptica (Bréb.), W. Sm. : Shlec eal oe Surtrella robusta, Ehrenb. . ne x aad Mii var. splendida ‘Ghrenb. ) Vv : Heurck . = <ul ters x 7 » linearis, W. Sm. : 3 S| 4 x Campylodiscus Hibernicus, Ehrenb. . : : x MYXOPHYCE. Anabeena circinalis, Rabenh, : 3 : . 6 Kei ce ae * Oscillatoria tenuis, ‘Ag. : ; | x x x x Merismopedia glauca ‘(Ehrenb. »; Nig : : 3 | | x | :; ceruginea, Bréb. Shas hs F <7) <A x elegans, A. Br. | x x Coelosphoerium Kutzingianum, Nig ex x Nigelianum, Unger. | x x Mier ocystis Flos-aque (Wittr.), Kirchn. : : alee ~% prasina (Wittr.), Lemm. . = : x x is elabens (Bréb.), Kiitz . . : , x stagnalis, Lemm. : . : x x Aphanocapsa pulchra (Kiitz), Rabenh. 5 F \ x Chroococcus turgidus (Kitz), Nag . , ; 5 Nee || Se 5 coherens (Bréb.), ahaa x oh pallidus, Nag é 3 4 2 x nf limneticus, Lemm. a : : 5 x Xx i minor (Kiitz), Nag E : . A 5 oa]
IJ].—GENERAL SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE COLLECTIONS. |
In this part of the present paper is embodied a detailed
account of all the freshwater alge collected in the Orkneys .
and Shetlands in 1903.
Certain species and varieties are
{
Noy. 1904.] | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 11
here described for the first time, and critical notes are appended to other interesting species. The contractions “0.” and “S.” are used respectively for Orkneys and Shetlands.
Clas RHODOPHYCE &. Order NEMALIONACE. Family HELMINTHOCLADIES. Genus BATRACHOSPERMUM, Roth.
1. B. moniliforme, Roth. O,—Near Stromness.
Clas PH HOPHYCE. Order SYNGENETICA. Family DINOBRYACE2.
Genus DINOBRYON, Ehrenb.
2. D. Sertularia, Ehrenb. O.—Near Kirkwall. _3. D. eylindricwm, Imhof. O—W. of Kirkwall. Var. divergens, Lemm. O.—Hoy ; Finstown. §,—Scalloway ; Lerwick ; Plankton, of Loch Beosetter, Bressay. 4, D. protuberans, Lemm. (0.—Near Kirkwall. S.—Lerwick. 5. D. elongatum, Inhof, var. wundulatum, Lemm. S.—Near the outlet of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
Clas CHLOROPHYCE &. Order EDOGONIALES. Family Gip0GONIACE2.
Genus c&pogontum, Link.
‘6. CE. punctato-striatum, De Bary. S.—Lerwick ; Bressay.
7. . platygynum, Wittr. O.—W. of Kirkwall. Numerous sterile species of this genus were observed from both the Orkneys and Shetlands.
Genus BULBOCHATE, Ag.
8. B. varians, Wittr. S.—Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
Order CH ZTOPHORALES Family CoLEOCH BTACE. Genus CoLEocHzTE, Bréb. 9. CO. scutata, Bréb. O.—Near Kirkwall. S.—Bressay. 10. C. irregularis, Pringsh. O.—Near Kirkwall. seadie Family ULOoTRICHACE. Genus ULOTHRIX, Kiitz.
11. U. zonata 1a (Web. and Mohr), Kutz. O.—Near Kirkwall ; Hoy. 12. U. moniliformis, Kutz. option of Loch Asta. :
13.
14.
15.
16.
be
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [ Sess. LXIX.
U. subtilis, Kitz. O.—Near Kirkwall. S.—Bressay. Var. variabilis (Kiitz), Kirchn. O0.—Near Stromness. S.— Plankton of Lochs Brindister, Sandy, and Trebister; also of Neugles Water, and of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
Genus HORMOSPORA, Bréb. H. mutabilis, Bréb. O.—W. of Kirkwall. Genus URONEMA, Lagerh.
U. confervicolum, Lagerh. Long. fil. tot. 55-450u ; crass. fil. 3°5-5y ; O.—Near Kirkwall, very abundant and epiphytic on Tribonema bombycinum (Ag.), Derb. and Sol. S.—Lerwick.
Genus BINUCLEARIA, Wittr. B. tatrana, Wittr. O.—Hoy. S.—Lerwick ; Bressay. Family CH#TOPHORACES. Genus CH#TOPHORA, Schrank. Ch. pisiformis (Roth), Ag. S.—Near Lerwick. Genus MYXONEMA, Fries.
M. tenue (Ag.), Rabenh. (Stigeocloniuwm tenue, Ag.). S.—Near Lerwick. Genus DRAPARNALDIA, Bory.
D. glomerata (Vauch.), Ag. O.—Finstown. S.—Lerwick.
Family MicROTHAMNIACES. Genus MICROTHAMNION, Nag.
M. strictissimum, Rabenh. S.—Near Lerwick.
Family TRENTEPOHLIACEZ. Genus TRENTEPOHLIA, Mart.
T. aurea, Mart. O.—Near Stromness; near Finstown. S,—Near Scalloway.
Order SCHIZOGONIALES. Family PRASIOLACEA. Genus PRASIOLA, Ag. P. crispa (Lightf.), Menegh. 0. and S.—Not uncommon.
Order MICROSPORALES. Family MrcrospoRacEz&. Genus MicrospoRA, Thur. ; em. Lagerh.
M. amena (Kiitz), Lagerh. O.—Hoy; W. of Kirkwall. S.—Near Lerwick. Some forms of this species were observed in which the cell-walls had become greatly thickened, the filaments presenting an irregular external surface.
. M. pachyderma (Wille), Lagerh. O.—Hoy; W. of Kirkwall.
Nov. 1904,] BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 13
Order CLADOPHORALES, Family CLADOPHORACE2, Genus RHIZOCLONIUM, Kiitz.
25. R. hieroglyphicum, Kiitz ; em, Stockm. 0O,.—Near Kirkwall. S.— Near Loch Clickhimin.
Genus CLADOPHORA, Kiitz.
26. Cl. glomerata (L.), Kiitz. S.—Near Scalloway. 27. Cl. crispata (Roth), Kiitz. O.—Hoy ; Kirkwall ; Stromness. 28. Cl. flavescens, Ag. O.—Near Kirkwall.
Order CONJUGAT&. Family ZyYGNEMACE&, Genus MouUGEOTIA, Ag,
29. M. elegantula, Wittr. OU.—Hoy. Many sterile species of this genus were obtained from bog-pools and ditches, and also from the plankton. One species from near Scalloway, Shetlands, possessed a purple cell-sap, and short lateral branches were developed at irregular intervals along the filaments. Crass. fil. 11—-12u.
Genus DEBARYA, Wittr.
30. D. glyptosperma (De Bary), Wittr. Crass. cell. veget. 11°5-13u ; Long. spor. 53-624; lat. spor. 42-484. S.—Plankton of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
Genus ZYGNEMA, Ag.
31. Z. erwcetorum (Kiitz), Hansg. S.—Near Lerwick ; near Scalloway.
32. Z, insigne (Hass.), Kiitz. Cells 14—twice longer than their diameter ; zygospores subglobose or ellipsoid-globose ; crass cell. veget. 27-30n ; long. zygosp. 32-334; lat. zygosp. 29-304. S.—Near Scalloway.
33. Z. Vaucheru, Ag., var. subtile, Rabenh. Cells 25-3 times longer than their diameter ; zygospores ellipsoidal ; crass. cell. veget. 17-18 ; long. zygosp. 32—35u ; lat. zygosp. 18-204. S.—Near Scalloway.
34, Z. stellinum (Vauch.), Kutz. ; var. cylindrospermwm, var. n. (figs. 2-5).
Var. cellulis 25-3}-plo longioribus; zygosporis oblongis vel. oblongo-eylindricis, polis late rotundatis ; membrana mediana zygospore dense et minute scrobiculata.
Crass. cell. veget. 15-164; long. zygosp. 23-44u ; lat. zygosp. 15-17°5u.
S.—Plankton of Loch Asta.
This variety is at once distinguished by the cylindrical form of the zygospores.
Genus sprroGyRa, Link.
35. Sp. jugalis (Dillw.), Kiitz. Cells 13-3 times longer than their diameter ; spiral chloroplasts 3 in number, with serrated edges and with large pyrenoids. Crass. fil. 90-97u. The specimens were conjugating, but the zygospores were unripe ; dimensions of unripe spore, 135 x 904. S.—Bressay, in a ditch.
14
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41,
52:
TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [Sess. LXIX.
Many species of Loth Ziygnema and Spirogyra were observed in the sterile condition or in such a condition as precluded their accurate identification. Representatives of both genera occurred in quantity in the plankton,
Family Dresmmi1acez. “ Genus GONATOZYGON, De Bary.
G. monotenium, De Bary. (G. Ralfsii, De Bary). 0.—Pond near Kirkwall. S.—Bressay, in a ditch ; ? platen! of Loch Asta and of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
G. Brebissonu, De Bary. 0.—Finstown. S. —Bréssay.
Var. leve (Hilse), W. and G. S. West. O.—Hoy. . Kinahani (Arch.), Rabenh. S.—In ditches, and in plankton of Loch Beosetter, Bressay ; plankton of Loch Asta and Neugles Water.
2
Genus GENICULARIA, De Bary.
G. Spirotenia, De Bary. Diam. cell. 20-22; long: = 250-307 u' _(fig. 17). _S—Plankton of Loch Beosetter, Bressay-” The specimens of this rare Desmid were quite typital; and cells possessed either two or three spiral, parietal chloroplasts.
Genus MESOTZNIUM, Nag. M. De Greyi, Turn., forma major, W. and G.S. West. Long. 100z ; lat. 264. O.—W. of Kirkwall. M. chlamydosporum, De Bary. O.—Ward Hill, Hoy. S.—Bressay’; near Lerwick.
. M. Endlicherianum, Nag. O.—W. of Kirkwall.
Var. grande, Nordst. O.—W. of Kirkwall. S.—Scalloway.
Genus CYLINDROCYSTIS, Menegh. iw te It
. CO. Brébissonn, Menegh. 0.—Kirkwall; Hoy. S.—Lerwick .
Bressay.
. C. crassa, De Bary. O.—Finstown; Kirkwall; Stromness; Hoy.
S.—Lerwick ; Neugles Water. CG. diplospora, Lund. O.—Hoy.
Genus NETRIUM (Nag), W. and G. S. West.
. N, Digitus (Ehrenb.), Itzigsh. and Rothe. 0.—Kirkwall; Hoy.
S.—Scalloway ; Lerwick; Neugles Water; plankton of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
. N. interruptum (Breb.), Liittkem. S.—Neugles Water. . N. oblongum (De Bary), Liitkem. O.—Kirkwall.
Var. cylindricum, W. and G. S. West. -0.—W. of Kirkwall.
Genus PENIUM, Bréb.
. P. Navicula, Bréb. S.—Lerwick ; Neugles Water.
. P. Mooreanum, Arch. S.—Scalloway. P. minutissimum; Nordst. O.—W. oi Kirkwall; Hoy. S. 5 eek P. margaritaceum (Ehrenb.), Bréb. |S. —Bressay._ eS a
Var. trregularins, var. n. (fig. 23). “Var. major, granulis majoribus et irregulariter dispositis: “iyide. 254u ; lat. max. 29u ; lat. apic. 20u.
Nov. 1904. | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 15
53. 54, 55. 56.
57.
58. 59.
60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66.
67. 68. 69. 70.
71. 72.
by tyhytyty
S.—Plankton of Loch Asta.
This variety differs principally in the scattered disposition of the granules, which in typical P. margarttacewm are arranged in longitudinal series.
. Cylindrus (Ehrenb.), Bréb. S.—Lerwick. . exiguum, West. O.—Hoy. . sptrostriolatum, Barker. O.—Hoy.
polymorphum, Perty. O.—W. of Kirkwall. S8.—Scalloway ; Lerwick. cucurbitinum, Biss. O.—Kirkwall; Hoy. S.—Scalloway ; Lerwick. Forma minor, W. and G.S. West. S.—Lerwick. Var. subpolymorphum, Nordst. S.—Lerwick.
. curtum, Bréb. O.— W. of Kirkwall. S.—Scalloway, Lerwick. . minutum (Ralfs), Cleve. S.—Plankton of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
Genus CLOSTERIUM, Nitzsch.
. Cynthia, De Not. S.—Plankton of Loch Trebister.
costatum, Corda. 0.—Kirkwall. S.—Scalloway ; Lerwick.
. striolatum, Ehrenb. O.—Hoy. S.—Bressay ; Scalloway.
untermedium, Ralfs. O.—Kirkwall; Hoy. juncidum, Ralfs. S.—Lerwick.
. macilentum, Bréb. S.—Plankton of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
Diane, Ehrenb. 0.—Kirkwall; Hoy. S.—Near Scalloway ; Bressay.
. parvulum, Nag. O.—Hoy; plankton of Loch Kirbister. S.—
Lerwick ; Scalloway ; plankton of Loch Beosetter, Bressay, and of Loch Trebister ; pools in Bressay.
. Jenneri, Ralfs. S.—Neugles Water ; Bressay.
tncurvum, Bréb. O.—Hoy. S.—Plankton of Loch Beosetter, Bressay, and of Loch Asta ; pools in Bressay.
Venus, Kiitz. O.—Hoy; Kirkwall; Finstown. S.—Lerwick ; plankton of Loch Asta.
calosporum, Wittr. O.—Hoy ; Kirkwall. S.—Scalloway.
extle, sp. n. (fig. 10).
Cl. minutum, cellulis diametro circiter 8-plo longioribus, modice curvatum, margine externo gradus arci 80-85 metiens, margine interno in parte mediana leviter inflato, apices obtusos versus sensim et equaliter attenuatum; pyrenoidibus 2 in chroma- tophora unaquaque ; membrana glabra et achroa,.
Long. 66-70u ; lat. 8°2-8-4y ; lat. apic. cire. 184. S.—In pools, Bressay.
This species differs from Cl. Cornu, Ehrenb., in its smaller size, its greater curvature, its tumid inner margin, and in its narrower apices. From Cl. tumidum, Johns, it is distinguished by its smaller size, its greater curvature, and by its much narrower, obtuse apices.
73. Cl. Leibleinni, Kitz. O—Hoy; Finstown; pond near Kirkwall.
S.—Lerwick ; plankton of Loch Asta, “Loch Clickhimin, and Neugles Water ; Bressay.
74. Cl. moniliferum (Bory), Ehrenb. S.—Lerwick ; Bressay ; plankton
of Lochs Asta and Clickhimin, and of Loch Beosetter, Bressay. Forma cellulis curvatioribus, apicibus crassioribus. Lat. 61u ; lat. apic. cire. 10°5u ; apic. inter se distantibus 275«. O.—Loch Kirbister. This form occurred in some quantity, and differs from typical
16
~J
Or
94.
TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [ Sess. LXIX.
Cl. moniliferum in its greater curvature and thicker apices. The outer margin occupied 140° of arc, the curvature thus being nearer that of Cl. Leibleiniti. The ventral (or inner) margin was less tumid than usual.
Ci. Ehrenberg, Menegh. 0 —W. of Kirkwall. S.—Lerwick ; Bressay. Plankton of Loch Beosetter, Bressay, and of Neugles Water.
Cl. aceroswum (Schrank), Ehrenb. O.—Hoy; pond near Kirkwall. S.—Near Lerwick ; plankton of Loch Asta.
7. Cl. lanceolatum, Kiitz. O.—Kirkwall. S.—Lerwick. 78. Cl. Lunula (Miill.), Nitzsch. 0O.—Finstown; Kirkwall ; plankton
of Loch Kirbister. S.—Near Lerwick, very abundant.
. Cl. Cornu, Ehrenb. S§.—Scalloway ; plankton of Loch Beosetter,
Bressay.
. Cl. abruptum, West. O.—Hoy; Kirkwall. S.—Plankton of Loch
Beosetter, Bressay.
. Cl. gracile, Bréb. OU.—Kairkwall. %.—Bressay.
i Var. tenue (Lemm.), W. and G. 8S. West. O.—W. of Kirkwall. S.—Scalloway.
. Cl. Pritchardianum, Arch. 0.—Hoy.
Cl. pronum, Bréb. O.—Pond near Kirkwall. Long. 4004; lat. 67m.
4, Cl. aciculare, Tuften West. O.—Kirkwall.
Var. subpronum, W.and G. S. West. S.—Plankton of Loch Asta.
. Cl. acutum, Bréb. S.—Lerwick. . Cl. rostratum, Ehrenb. O.—Kirkwall; Finstown. S.—Scalloway. . Cl. setaceum, Ehrenb. O.—Kirkwall. S.—Bressay.
Genus PLEUROTZNIUM, Nag.
. Pl. coronatum (Bréb.), Rabenh., var. nodulosum (Bréb.), West. O.—
Kirkwall. S.—Near Scalloway.
39. Pl. truncatum (Bréb.), Nag. Long. 340-412, ; lat. 50-71n. O—
Kirkwall. S.—Bressay.
. Pl. Ehrenbergti (Bréb.), De Bary. O.—Kirkwall; Hoy. S.—
Scalloway ; Bressay.
. Pl. Trabecula (Ehrenb.), Nag. 0.—Kirkwall ; Finstown ; Hoy.
Genus TETMEMORUS, Ralfs.
2. T. Brébissonii (Menegh.), Ralfs. O—Kirkwall; Hoy.
Var. minor, De Bary. O—Hoy.
3. T. granulatus (Bréb.), Ralfs. OW—\Kirkwall; Hoy. S.—Lerwick ;
Scalloway ; Loch Brindister ; Neugles Water ; Bressay, in pools and in the plankton of Loch Beosetter.
Zygospores of this species were noticed from near Kirkwall. A curious monstrous form was observed in which only a partial fusion of the cell-contents had taken place, although the whole was invested with a thick, brown cell-wall (fig. 37).
Var. attenuatus, West. O—Kirkwall; Hoy. S.—Scalloway : Lerwick.
T. levis (Kiitz), Ralfs. O.—Kirkwall. §.-—Scalloway ; Lerwick ;
Bressay, in pools and in the plankton of Loch Beosetter.
Genus EUASTRUM, Ehrenb.
5. E. oblongum (Grev.), Ralfs. 0.—Kirkwall. S.—Lerwick ; Scallo-
way ; plankton of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
Nov, 1904.] | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 17
96. E. Didelta (Turp.), Ralfs. O.—Hoy. 97. E.ampullaceum, Ralfs. O.—Kirkwall ; Hoy. 98. E. sinuosum, Lenorm, S.—Plankton of Loch Beosetter, Bressay. 99. E.ansatuwm, Ralfs. O.—Kirkwall; Hoy. S.—Scalloway ; Lerwick ; Neugles Water; Bressay ; plankton of Lochs Clickhimin and Trebister. 100. E. bidentatum, Nig. O.—Kirkwall; Finstown; Stromness. S.— Scalloway ; Lerwick; Neugles Water; Bressay. Plankton of Loch Trebister, and of Loch Beosetter, Bressay,
101. E. dubium, Nig. (EZ. lobulatum, Bréb.) O.—Kirkwall; Finstown ; Hoy. S.—Lerwick.
102. E. elegans (Breb.), Kiitz. O.—Kirkwall; Hoy. S.—Bressay, in
pools, and also in plankton of Loch Beosetter.
103. EL. binale (Turp.), Ehrenb, O.—Kirkwall; Hoy. S.—Lerwick ;
Scalloway.
Forma Gutwinskii, Schmidle. O.—Near Kirkwall; Hoy.
104, EB. denticulatum (Kirchn.), Gay. O.—Hoy. S.—Neugles Water ;
Bressay, in pools and in the plankton of Loch Beosetter.
105. E. montanum, sp. n. (figs. 11 and 12).
[Cosmarium Meneghinii, Bréb., forma Boldt, in “ Bihang till K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl.,” xiii., No. 5, 1888, p. 13, t. 1, f. 15. C. Meneghinii, forma Boldtii, West, in “ Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc.,” 1892, p. 726. C. Subrevaschii, Schmidle, var. Boldtiana, Schmidle, in “ Flora,” 1894, p. 90, t. 6, f.8; West and G. S. West, “ Alga- fl. Yorks.,” 1900, p. 80.]
E. minutum, circiter 14-plo longius quam latum, profunde constrictum, sinu angusto-lineari extremo subampliato; semi- cellule transverse oblongo-rectangulares, marginibus lateralibus convexis et biundulatis, undulatione majori supra undulationem minorem ; apicibus subprotractis, truncatis et in medio emar- ginatis, angulis apicalibus rectangularibus ; a latere vise ovate, cum tumore rotundato prope basin utrobique ; a vertice vise ellipticee, cum tumore rotundato in medio utrobique. Membrana glabra.
Long. 20°4-27u; lat. 15°6-20u; lat. apic. 10°8-14°3u; lat. isthm. 3°5-4°8u ; crass. 11°5-14°5u.
O—W. of Kirkwall.
This small Desmid is widely distributed in the upland districts of the British Islands. It has been known for the last ten years under the name of “Cosmarium Subreinschii, var. Boldtiana, Schmidle,” but it is easily distinguished from Cos- marium Subreinschw by its larger and broader central pro- tuberances, by its relatively wider and more angular apices, and by the apical notch. After carefully considering these differences along with its wide distribution and constant characters, we think there is good reason for its specific separation, especially as typical C. Subreinschii is not known to occur in the British Islands. And not merely do we think this Desmid better regarded as a separate species, but the distinct apical emargination of the semi-cells, accompanied by a large central protuberance, are features which at once place it in the genus Huastrum.
The specific name “ Boldtiz” could not be adopted, as it has already been utilised by Schmidle for another species of Euastrum.
106. £. pectinatum, Bréb. 9.—Kirkwall; Hoy. S.—Scalloway.
Var. tnevolutum, var. n. (figs. 13 and 14).
TRANS. BOT. SOC. EDIN. VOL. XXIII. a
18
107. L
108.
109. 110.
Tillis
112.
113.
114. 115.
TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [Suss. .xrx..
Var. cellulis paullo minoribus ‘quam in-forma typica, lobis- lateralibus fere quadratioribus, marginibus exterioribus levissime retusis ; collo lobi polaris latiori et breviori ; apice lobi polaris convexiori et retusiori in medio, angulis apicalibus rotundioribus ; tumoribus partis inferioris semicellule et lobi polaris multe reductis (ut in vertice visis),
Long. 51-63 ; lat. 36-42u ; lat. lobi polar. 24-28, ; lat. isthm, 10-11 °5u ; crass. 21—26y.
S.—Scalloway ; Neugles Water. Plankton of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
This variety is widely distributed all over the British Islands,, and is more commonly met with than the type. Itstands near to EL. pectinatum, forma intermedia, Boldt (in “ Bih. till K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl.,” xiii., No. 5, 1888, p. 6, t. 1, f. 3), but im the latter the polar lobe is very small, and its lateral margins almost. vertical. Boldt does not state whether the protuberances are reduced in his form or not, whereas this is one of the principal features of var. inevolutwm.
In the vertical view the angles of the polar lobe and the lateral lobules of var. inevolutum are broadly truncate or truncate-emarginate, scarcely bilobulate as in the type.
7, gemmatum, Bréb. S,—Bressay, in pools, and also in the plankton of Loch Beosetter. E. verrucosum, Ehrenb, S.—Bressay. Var. reductum, Nordst. S.—Plankton of Neugles Water and: of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
Genus MICRASTERIAS, Ag.
M. truncata (Corda), Bréb. O.—Hoy. S.—Near Lerwick.
M. papillifera, Bréb. O.—Kirkwall; Hoy. S,—Plankton of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
M. sol., Ehrenb. (M. radiosa, Ralfs.) S.—Plankton of Loch Beosetter,.
Bressay.
M. hottie (Grey.), Ralfs. $.—Near Lerwick.
M., denticulata, Bréb. S.—Near Scalloway. Plankton of Loch. Beosetter, Bressay.
Genus CosMARIUM, Corda. C. Ralfsii, Bréb, O.—Hoy. C. Cucumis, Corda, O.—Kirkwall; Hoy, §.—Scalloway ; Ler- wick ; Bressay. Var, magnum, Racib.[C. Cucumis 5, magna Racib., in “ Pamiet- nik Wydz. matem.-przy. Akad. Umiej. Krakow.,” x.,1885, p. 70; C, Cucumis, “forma major non tam profunde constricta quam anglica, membrana crassa,” Nordst, in “ Ofvers, af K. Vet.-Akad. Forh.,” 1875, No. 6, p. 29, t. 8, f. 28.] Long. 98u ; lat. 53u; lat. isthm. 33u ; crass. 38°5u. O.—W. of Kirkwall.
. OC. subtumidum, Nordst. O.—Stromness ; Hoy,
J, Subcucumis, Schmidle, O.—Hoy.
. C. celatwm, Ralfs. S.—Lerwick,. . C. subcrenatum, Hantzsch. 0.—Hoy. S.—Plankton of Loch Asta.. . OC. Phaseolus, Bréb. 0O.—Finstown. S.—Plankton of Loch
Beosetter, Bressay. ' ventforme (Ralfs), Arch. O,—Finstown; Hoy. §S.—Sealloway ;,
iG)
Nov.-1904.] BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 19
Lerwick ; Neugles Water. Plankton of Loch Asta and of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
. margaritiferum (Turp.), Menegh. “Synops. Desm. in Linnza,”
1840, p. 219 ; Ralfs, in “ Ann. Nat. Hist.,” 1844, xiv., p. 393, t. 11, f. 4.
be margaritiferum, Ralfs, “ Brit. Desm.,” p, 100, t. 16, f. 2 6 and d; C. Malinvernianum (Racib.), Schmidie, var. Badense, Schmidle in “ Flora,” 1894, t. 7, f. 21.]
0.—Kirkwall ; Hoy. S.—Scalloway ; Bressay.
No species of this genus has given rise to greater confusion than C. margaritiferum. Ralfs included three species in his figures of it, and the typical form has since received at least one new name. The zygospore of true C. margaritiferwm, which was well described by both Ralfs and Archer, is globose, and its walls are furnished with numerous thickenings which have been likened to “ bull’s-eyes.” As the species was under- stood by the earlier observers it was undoubtedly common, and it possessed this remarkable zygospore.
Ralfs figures of this plant are not good. He did not sufficiently indicate the flattened apices of the semi-cells, nor did he figure the minute scrobiculations at the centre and between the granules. His figures 2b, 2c, and 2d (on t. xvi.) are the only ones which represent the species.
In 1894 Schmidle described under the name of “ (. Malin- vernianum, var. Badense,’ a Cosmariwm which is very abundant in the British Islands and in other parts of Europe. It occurs principally in bogs, and does not disagree with the published but incomplete descriptions of C. margaritiferum. Moreover, it is of the same size, and its zygospore, which we have found repeatedly, agrees exactly with that described and figured for C. margariti- ferum. It is inconceivable that the older investigators could have missed such a striking and common Desmid, seeing that they repeatedly found most of its associates, and, moreover, amongst these associates they invariably recorded “0. margaritiferum.”
Hence, as we constantly find in bogs a Cosmariwm as common as C. margaritiferum was reported to be, of the same size, and not differing materially from the published descriptions of that species ; and as this Cosmariwm occurs with the same associates with which C. margaritiferum was generally said to be found, and as it has exactly the same zygospore, we are forced to the con- clusion that it 7s C. margaritiferwm.
At the same time the species is unquestionably identical with the “ C. Malinvernianum, var. Badense,” described by Schmidle, and therefore Schmidle’s name must become a synonym of C. margaritiferum. Schmidle was the first to point out the constantly flattened apex of the semi-cells and the presence of the minute scrobiculations between the depressed central granules.
We have previously given a figure of the zygospore of this species under the erroneous name of “ C. confusum, var. regularius” (vide West and G. S. West, in “ Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc.,” 1896, p. 156, t. 4, f. 41).
123. CO. Brébissonii, Menegh. S.—Scalloway. 124. C. trachypleurum, Lund. O.—W. of Kirkwall. §.—Bressay. 125. C. isthmochondrum, Nordst.
Var. pergranulatum, var. n. (fig. 20). Var. granulis ad margines laterales semicellularum minus
20
126. 127. 128. 129. 130.
131.
140. 141.
142,
143.
Cac
Q
Caen
Tiel
q
62
C. C.
Q
C: . depressum (Nag. », Lund. (C, Scenedesmus, Delp.) O.—Hoy. S.—
TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [ Sess. LXIX.
distinctis, scrobiculis centralibus nullis, granulis intra margines numerosioribus. Long. 37°5u ; lat. 31-5y ; lat. isthm. 75y ; crass. 20u. 0.—Pond near Kirkwall. sphalerostichum, Nordst. S.—Lerwick ; Scalloway.
Bressay, in pools, and also in plankton of Loch Beosetter ; Neugles Water. Plankton of Loch Asta.
. bioculatum, Bréb. S.—Neugles Water ; Lerwick. Plankton of
Loch Asta and of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
. tinctum, Ralfs. O.—Kirkwall; Hoy. S.—Le1wick ; Scalloway ;
Bressay.
. contractum, Kirchn., var. ellipsoidewm (Elfv.), W. and G.S. West.
S.—Plankton of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
'. subcontractum, sp. n. (fig. 21).
C. parvum, paullo longius quam latum, profundissime con- strictum, sinu angusto prope apicem, sed late aperto extrorsum ; semicellulz obverse semicirculares, apicibus latissimis et subrectis, angulis superioribus rotundatis; a latere vise subglobose ; a vertice vise subanguste elliptice ; membrana punctata ; pyren- oidibus singulis.
Long. 33u ; lat. 30-31u ; lat. isthm. 6°5y ; crass. 16,.
S.—Bressay, In pools, not uncommon.
In outline this species much resembles C. stawrastroides, Eichler and Gutw. (in “ Rospraw. Wydz. matem.-przyr. Akad. Umiej. Krakow,” xxviil., 1894, p. 171, t. 5, £. 30), but is distinguished by its much larger size, its narrower isthmus, and the narrowly elliptical vertical view. Moreover, the apices of the semi-cells are never retuse, and the cell-wall is distinctly punctate.
It should also be compared with C. aversum, W. and G. S. West.
C. Hammeri, Reinsch [inclus. C. homalodermum, Nordst]. O.—
Hoy. S.—wNear Scalloway.
. galerittum, Nordst. S.—Lerwick.
premorsum, Bréb, O.—Hoy. S.—Near Scalloway ; Loch Brindister; Bressay.
. Corbula, Bréb. O.—Kirkwall. . Turpin, Bréb. S.—Plankton of Loch Asta.
subpunctulatum, Nordst. OW—Kirkwall; Stromness. S.— Neugles Water. Plankton of Loch Asta.
. punctulatum, Bréb. O.—Kirkwall; Stromness; Hoy. S.—
Bressay, in pools, and also in the plankton of Loch Beosetter.
. humile (Gay), Nordst. O.—Pond near Kirkwall. Plankton of
Loch Kirbister. S.—Plankton of Loch Asta, and of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
Var. substriatum (Nordst.), Schmidle. O.—Stromness ; Fins- town; Hoy. S.—Lerwick; Neugles Water; Loch Brindister ; Bressay.
Blyttti, Wille. O.—Kirkwall.
Boeckti, Wille. OW Kirkwall; Finstown. SS. — Lerwick; Neugles Water. Plankton of Loch Asta, and of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
. subprotumidum, Nordst. S.—Lerwick. Plankton of Loch
Brindister.
. caleareum, Wittr. Long. 28-30u; lat. 25°5-27-5u; lat. isthm.
7-724; crass. 15°5-16y. S.—Lerwick. This Desmid occurred abundantly in a small pond.
Nov.
1904. | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 21
The specimens were not exactly like the figure given by Wittrock (in “ Bihang till K. Vet.-Akad. Handl.,” Bd. 1, No. 1, 1872, t. 4, f. 13), the central protuberance being somewhat larger and more granulated.
. CL subcostatum, Nordst. O.—Plankton of Loch Kirbister. S,—
Lerwick ; Neugles Water ; Loch Brindister. Plankton of Loch Clickhimin.
5. C.costatum, Nordst. Long. 40u ; lat. 35y ; lat. apic.2 Ou ; lat. isthm.
14:54. S.—Bressay. C. formosulum, Hoff. O.— Kirkwall; Hoy. S. — Bressay. Plankton of Neugles Water, and of Loch Asta and Clickhimin.
. C. variolatum, Lund. O.—Hoy. . C. pyramidatum, Bréb. O.—Kirkwall; Hoy. S.—Scalloway.
Plankton of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
. CO. Nymanmanum, Grun. O.—Hoy. . OC. granatum, Bréb. O—Kirkwall; Hoy. S.—Scalloway.
Var. subgranatum, Nordst. O.—Plankton of Loch Kirbister. S.—Plankton of Loch Asta.
. C. Holmiense, Lund. S.—Neugles Water.
. C. tetragonum, Nag, var. Lundellii, Cooke. S.—Bressay, in a ditch. . C. notabile, Bréb. O.—Hoy. S.—Scalloway ; Bressay.
. C. venustwm (Bréb.), Arch. O.—Stromness; Hoy. $.—Scalloway.
Var. majus, Wittr. S.—Scalloway.
. CO. tetraophthalmum, Bréb. O.—Finstown ; Hoy. S.—Scalloway.
Plankton of Loch Asta, and also of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
156. C. Botrytis (Bory), Menegh. O.—Kirkwall; Stromness; Hoy. Plankton of Loch Kirbister. S.—Lerwick; Neugles Water. Plankton of Lochs Asta, Brindister, and Clickhimin. Bressay, in pools, and also in the plankton of Loch Beosetter.
Var. tumidum, Wolle. S.—Plankton of Loch Asta. Long. 79u ; lat. 62u ; lat. isthm. 17m. 157. C. obtusatwm, Schmidle, in “Engler’s Botan. Jahrbiich,” 1898, Bd. xxvi.,
158.
159. 160.
p- 38. [C. wndulatum, var. obtusatwm, Schmidle, in “ Berichte Deutsch. Botan Gesellsch.,” Bd. xi., 1893, p. 550, t. 28, f. 11.]
The specimens possessed rather smaller apices than those described by Schmidle. Long. 58-60u ; lat. 49-50z ; lat. isthm. 15°5u. S.—Plankton of Loch Asta.
C. ochthodes, Nordst. O.—Near Kirkwall ; Stromness; Hoy. S.— Lerwick ; Loch Brindister ; Bressay. Var. amebum, West. O.—Kirkwall; Hoy. S.—Near Scal- loway ; Bressay. C. margaritatum (Lund), Roy and Biss. O.—Hoy ; S.—Scalloway. C. Pseudobroomei, Wolle, “ Desm. U.S.,” 1884, p. 86, t. 51, f. 36, 37.
Var. convexum, var. n. (fig. 22).
Var. marginibus lateralibus semicellularum convexis, angulis rotundatioribus ; granulis ut in forma typica dispositis.
Long, 46u ; lat. 37°5u ; lat. isthm. 12°54 ; crass, 24u.
S.—Near Lerwick.
This variety differs from all other forms of C. Psewdobroomet in the convex lateral margins and in the more rounded angles of the semi-cells.
We have given figures of forms of CO. Pseudobroomet from Ceylon (vide “Trans. Linn. Soc.,” bot. ser. 2, vi., 1902, t. 21, f. 4); Schmidle has also given figures of a German Cosmarivwm which he names “ (, Pseudobroomez ” (vide “ Ber. der. Naturf. Ges. Freiburg,” Bd. vii., 1898, t. 5, f. 2, 3), but the granulation he indicates is much too fine for this species.
22
161. 162.
163. 164,
176. 1.
178.
179. 180.
181.
C. 0.
C. C.
QD
TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [ Sess. LXIX.
speciosum, Lund. 0.—Hoy. Plankton of Loch Kirbister. S.— Scalloway ; Bressay.
subspeciosum, Nordst. 0.—Kirkwall. S.—Scalloway. Plankton of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
globoswm, Buln. S.—Lerwick ; Bressay.
subaectowm (Lagerh.), Racib., in “ Rozpraw Wydz. matem.-przy. Akad. Umiej. Krakow,” xxii., 1892, p. 385, t. 6, f. 24.
[C. globosum, Buln., subsp. subarctowm, Lagerh., in Wittr., and Nordst, “ Alg. Exsic.,” fase. 21, no. 567, 1883; Nordst, in “ Ofvers. af K. Vet.-Akad. Forh.,” 1885, no. 3, p. 9, t. 7, f. 5.]
Forma punctata (fig. 24).
Forma membrana distincte et irregulariter punctata.
Long. 16-19u; lat. 13°5-16«; lat. isthm. 8°6-10°54; crass. 9-10u.
S.—Plankton of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
C. affine, Racib., is a very close ally of C. swbarctowm, and would perhaps be better considered as one of the forms of it. The Desmid described and figured by Schmidle as ‘“ Dysphinctiwm affine, Racib., forma. major” (vide “ Engl. Botan. Jahrbiich,” Bd. xxvi., 1898, p. 20, t. 4, f. 16), lends further support to this view.
. pseudarctoum, Nordst. O.—Hoy. S.—Plankton of Loch Asta. . Regnesti, Reinsch. S.—Near Scalloway. . crenatum, Ralfs. O.—Hoy. S.—Lerwick ; Bressay.
quadratum, Ralfs. O.— Kirkwall; Hoy. S.— Lerwick ; Sealloway.
', anceps, Lund, 0O.—W. of Kirkwall ; Hoy.
. pseudexiguum, Racib, S.—Lerwick.
. obliquum, Nordst. O.—W. of Kirkwall.
' pygmeum, Arch. [C. minutissimum, Heimerl; C. Heimerliz,
W.and G. 8. West.] O.—Kirkwall; Finstown ; Hoy (summit of Ward Hill).
. Sphagnicolum, W. and G. S. West. O.—Finstown. . abbreviatum, Racib. O.—Finstown. S.—Plankton of Loch Asta,
and also of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
. quadrimamillatum, W. and G. S. West. Long. 25-27 ; lat. 25-
27u ; lat. isthm. 74. S.—Bressay, in a ditch. This species has only previously been recorded from near the Lizard, Cornwall. Hence it must be regarded as a western
type. . Regnellii, Wille. O.—Kirkwall. S.—Lerwick ; Bressay. . Meneghinii, Bréb. O.—Kirkwall. Plankton of Lech Kirbister.
S.—Lerwick.
Forma octangularis, Wille. O.—Kirkwall. §.—Lerwick ; Scalloway ; Neugles Water ; Bressay. Plankton of Lochs Asta and Sandy.
. angulosum, Bréb., var. concinnum (Rabenh.), W. and G. S. West.
0.—Kirkwall ; Hoy. S.—Plankton of Loch Asta. trilobulatum, Reinsch. O.—Hoy. S.—Near Scalloway. difficile, Liitkem. O.—Kirkwall; Hoy. S.—Scalloway.
Var. subleve, Liitkem. O.—Kirkwall; Hoy. S.—Scalloway. Plankton of Loch Beosetter, Bressay. leve, Rabenh., “Flor. Europ. Algar. IIL.” 1868, p. 161; Nordst, in “ Ofvers. af K. Vet.-Akad. Foérh.,” 1876, no. 6, t. 12, f. 4; G. S. West, in “Journ. Linn. Soc.,’ bot. xxxiv., 1899, p. 386, t. 10, f. 1-6.
O.—Hoy. S.—Lerwick.
Nov. 1904. | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 23
Var. septentrionale, Wille. O.—Hoy. S.—Lerwick.
Var. cymatium, var. n. (fig. 19).
Var. marginibus lateralibus semicellularum minute undulatis.
Long. 24-27 ; lat. 17-18u; lat. isthm. 46-54. O.—Hoy.
182. C. goniodes, W. and G. 8S. West, in “ Trans. Linn. Soc.,” bot. ser. 2, 1895, p. 70, t. 8, f. 8. ;
Var. variolatum, var. n. (fig. 18).
Var. semicellulis brevioribus, levissime attenuatis, angulis superioribus subrotundatis, apicibus levissime retusis ; a latere visis ovato-pyramidatis ; a vertice visis late ellipticis ; membrana punctulata, punctulis delicatissimis et multe distantibus ; cellulis tere tortis.
Long. 20-21°3u ; lat. 10°6-12°2u ; lat. isthm. 8°5-8°8y ; crass. 85m.
S.—Near Scalloway.
This variety stands nearer to CU. gontodes, var. subturgidum, W.and G.S. West (in “ Trans. Roy. Irish Acad.,” xxxiii., sect. B, 1902, p. 41, t. 2, f. 12), than to the typical form. It is dis- tinguished, however, by its shorter semi-cells, and its variolated cell-wall.
1838. C. Cucurbita, Bréb. O—Kirkwall; Hoy. S.—Lerwick ; Scallo- way ; Neugles Water.
184. C. annulatum (Nag), De Bary, var. elegans, Nordst. Long. 57'5u ; lat. 25u. S.—Scalloway.
Genus XANTHIDIUM, Ehrenb,
185. X. antilopewm (Bréb.), Ktitz. S.—Neugles Water; Loch Brin- dister ; Bressay.
Var. depauperatum, var. n. [X. antilopewm, forma, W. and G. S. West, “Scott. Freshw. Plankton I.,” “ Journ. Linn. Soc.,” bot. xxxv., 1903, p. 589, t. 16, f. 1.]
Var. cellulis leviter inflatis, angulis lateralibus cellularum valde obtusis vel levissime trunecatis; spinis paucis (1-3 ad marginibus lateralibus semicellule unzequaque), brevioribus et tenuioribus, subirregulariter dispositis.
Long. sine spin. 46-55-5u ; lat. sine spin. 43-50u ; long. spin. 2-9-5; lat. isthm. 9°5-14u (figs. 15 and 16).
S.—Plankton of Neugles Water, Loch Brindister, and of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
This variety differs from the type in the form of the semi-cells, and in the fewer, thinner, and irregularly disposed spines. The disposition and number of the spines is extremely variable, and is generally different on the two semi-cells of the same individual.
It is such a constant feature of the Scottish plankton that we think it deserves a special varietal name.
186. X. fascieulatum, Ehrenb. 0.—Kirkwall ; Hoy. 187. X. concinnum, Arch. O.—Finstown. S.—Lerwick.
Genus ARTHRODESMUS, Ehrenb.
188, A. convergens, Ehrenb. 0.—Hoy. S.—Near Scalloway; near outlet. of Loch Beosetter, Bressay. 189, A. Incus (Bréb.), Hass. O.—Kirkwall; Hoy. S.—Scalloway. Var. Ralfsiz, W. and G. S. West. O.—W. of Kirkwall. Var. intermedius, Wittr. S.—Near Lerwick.
24
TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [ Szss. LXIX.
190. A. triangularis, Lagerh., in “ Ofvers. af K. Vet.-Akad. Forh.,” 1885,
iSite
192. 193. 194. 195.
196.
197.
as Ss
. cuspidatum, Bréb. O.—Finstown. S
no. 7, p. 244, t. 27, f. 22. [A. Incus, var. triangularis, Lagerh., in “ Nuova Notarisia,”’ iv., 1893, p. 182.]
Long. 25-264; lat. sine spin. 20-244 ; cum. spin. 61-65°5y ; lat. isthm. 5°2—6u ; crass. 10°5-I1p.
S.—Both at the margins, and in the plankton of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
The specimens were not quite typical in form, the apices of the semi-cells being straight or very slightly concave, thus resembling the var. Americanum.
Var. subtriangularis (Borge), Nob. [A. Incus, var. subtri- angularts, Borge, in “ Botaniska Notiser,” 1897, p. 212, t. 3, f. 4; A. triangularis, var. hebridarum, W. and G. 8. West, in “Journ. Linn. Soe.,” bot. xxxv., 1903, p. 542.]
Long. 30-31'5u; lat. sine spin. 23-254 ; cum spin. 75-78p ; lat. isthm. 8u (fig. 36).
S.—Plankton of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
The outline of this variety has been well figured by Borge, but he did not mention the scattered scrobiculations on the cell-wall. It is general in the plankton of the lakes in the West of Scotland and the Outer Hebrides.
Genus STAURASTRUM, Meyen.
dejectum, Bréb. O.—Kirkwall; Finstown. S,—Bressay. Plankton of Lochs Asta and Brindister, and also of Neugles Water.
Var. inflatum, West. S.—Plankton of Neugles Water, Lochs Asta and Brindister, and also of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
. Dickiei, Ralfs. S.—Loch Brindister.
. glabrum (Ehrenb.), Ralfs. S.—Near Lerwick.
. curvatum, West. S.—Plankton of Loch Asta.
. jaculiferum, West. O.—Plankton of Loch Kirbister. S.—
Plankton of Neugles Water and Loch Trebister.
. brevispinum, Bréb. S.—Plankton of Loch Clickhimin, and of
Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
Some forms of this species were noticed in the plankton of Loch Asta. They differed somewhat from more typical forms in the relative position of the mucros (fig. 32).
Lerwick.
Var. maximum, West. S.—Plankton of Neugles Water, Lochs Asta, Brindister, and Sandy. Bressay, both in ditches and in the plankton of Loch Beosetter.
. OMeariz, Arch. O.—Hoy. . lunatum, Ralfs, var. planctonicum, W. and G. S. West. S.—
ae
Plankton of Loch Brindister, and also of Loch Beosetter, Bressay. pelagicum, W. and G. 8S. West. S.—Plankton of Loch Asta, and also of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
Avicula, Bréb., var. subarcuatum (Wolle), West. 0.—Kirkwall ; Finstown. S§.—Scalloway ; Bressay.
granulosum (Ehrenb.), “ Ralfs, Brit. Desm.,” 1848, p. 217 ; W. and G. S. West, in “ Trans. Roy. Irish Acad.,” xxxii., 1902, p. 45, t. 2, £94.
[Desnudium granulosum, Ehrenb., 1839. Phycastrum granu- losum, Kiitz, “Spec. Algar.,” 1849, p. 180. Staurastrum lunatum, Ralfs, var. subarmatum, West, in “Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc.,” 1894, p. 10, t. 2, £. 47.]
Nov
1904. | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 25
The forms of this species noticed from the Shetlands were a little more inflated than usual, and the granulation was somewhat finer. The minute denticulations or spines at the angles were variable in length, and one or two were present at each angle (vide W. and Gris: West, l.c., p. 46). In the vertical view the sides were straight or very slightly concave.
Long. 29-33u ; lat. sine mucr. 25-294 ; cum muer, 27-34, ; lat. isthm. 9-12°5p.
S.—Plankton of Loch Asta,
203. S. aciculiferum (West), Anders. O.— Hoy.
204. S. furcigerum, Bréb. O.—Finstown.
205. S. Reinschir, Roy. O.—Hoy.
206. S. teliferum, Ralfs. O—Plankton of Loch Kirbister. S.—Bressay, in pools, and also in the plankton of Loch Beosetter,
207. S. Saxonicum, Buln. S.—Plankton of Loch Trebister.
208. S. pilosum (Nag), Arch. S.—Bressay. Plankton of Loch Trebister.
209. S. hirsutum (Ehrenb.), Bréb. O.—Kirkwall. S.—Near Lerwick ; Scalloway.
210. S. eraswum, Bréb. S.—Plankton of Loch Brindister, and also of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
211. S. muticwm, Bréb. O.—Kirkwall. S.—Neugles Water; Bressay.
212. S. retusum, Turn., in “ Kongl. Sv. Vet. -Akad. Handl.,” XXV., 1893, no. 5, p. 104, t. 13, f. 13.
Var. boreale, var. n. (fig. 30).
Var. minor, marginibus lateralibus semicellularum convexis, apicibus levissime retusis ; semicellulee a vertice visee angulis late obtusis, lateribus subrectis vel levissime retusis ; membrana glabra.
Long. 17°5-19u ; lat. 16°2-17 5y ; lat. isthm. 554. O.—Hoy. S.—In bog near Lerwick.
213. S. orbiculare (Ehrenb.), Ralfs. O.—Kirkwall; Finstown. S.— Lerwick ; Scalloway ; Bressay.
Var. depressum, Roy and Biss. O.—Finstown. S.—Plankton of Loch Asta.
214. S. Bieneanwm, Rabenh. O.—Finstown. 215. S. Sebtricum, Borge. S.—Bressay.
The typical form of this species has not previously been recorded
from the British Islands.
216. S. dilatatum, Ehrenb. O.—Kirkwall.
Var. obtusilobum, De Not. S.—Neugles Water; Bressay, in
ditches, and also in the plankton of Loch Beosetter.
217. S. alternans, Bréb. _ 8.
218. S. punctulatum, Bréb. O.—Kirkwall ; Hoy: ; S.— Lerwick ; Scalloway ; Bressay. Plankton of Loch Trebister.
219. S. pygmeum, Bréb. O.—Hoy. S.—Lerwick.
220, S. Kjellmanii, Wille. Long. 48u; lat. 31lu; lat. isthm. 14. S.— Bressay, in a ditch.
221. S. muricatum, Bréb. S.—Near Scalloway.
222. S. Meriant, Reinsch. 0. —Hoy. S.—Near Scalloway.
223. S. brachiatum, Ralfs. S.—Plankton of a Beosetter, Bressay.
224. S. tetracerum, Ralfs. 0. —Kirkwall. —Neugles Water ; Loch
Brindister. Plankton of Loch Asta,
Forma trigona, Lund. S.—Bressay.
Var. evolutum, var. n. (fig. 31).
Var. processibus cellularum longioribus ; semicellulis a vertice visis triangularibus, lateribus convexis, angulis in processus longos productis.
26
225.
226.
228.
TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE | Szss. LXIX,
Long. sine proc. 10-llu, cum proc. 27-40y; lat. sine proc. 75-9 Su, cum proc. 26-50 ; lat. isthm. 4°5u.
S.—Plankton of Neugles Water and Loch Brindister, and also of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
This variety occurred in considerable quantity, and the individuals varied much in the relative length of the processes. The cells were invariably twisted, the processes of one semi-cell alternating with those of the other.
. hexacerum (Ehbrenb.), Wittr. O—Kirkwall; Hoy. S.—Near
Lerwick ; Scalloway. Plankton of Lochs Asta and Clickhimin. Bressay, in ditches, and also in the plankton of Loch Beosetter. Var. semicirculare, Wittr. S.—Scalloway.
. cyrtocerum, Bréb., var. compactwm, var. n. (fig. 29).
Var. corpore semicellularum robustiori, processibus multe brevioribus.
Long. 36u ; lat. cum proc. 40u ; lat. isthm. 11m.
S.— Plankton of Loch Trebister.
. inflecum, Bréb. O—W. of Kirkwall; Finstown; Hoy. S.—
Scalloway.
. affine, sp. n. (fig. 27).
S. submediocre, paullo longius quam latum (cum processibus), subprofunde constrictum; semicellule elliptico-subsemicir- culares, ventre valde convexo, dorso leviter convexo, angulis m processus crassos breves denticulato-nodulosos subdivergentes pro- ductis, apicibus processuum quadrispinatis ; a vertice vise tri- angulares, lateribus leviter convexis, angulis in processus breves crassos denticulato-nodulosos productis; membrana minute granulata, granulis in annulis concentricis circa basin processuum dispositis.
Long. (sine proc.) 37-40 ; lat. sine proc. cire. 29-33, ; lat. cum proc. 44—55y ; lat. isthm. 10°5y.
S.—Plankton of Neugles Water and of Loch Brindister.
This species occurred in abundance in the plankton of the above-mentioned lakes. Its distinctive characters are the large size of the body of the semi-cells, and the short, outwardly diverging processes, each of which possesses two rings of den- ticulations and four apical spines. It is perhaps nearest to S. polymorphum, Bréb., but is larger, of different relative propor- tions, and with different processes.
Borge has recently described a “S. subpolymorphum” (vide “ Arkiv. for. Botan. utgif. af K. Sv. Vet.-Akad.,” Bd. L., 1903, p. 107, t. 4, f. 13), but this is a smooth Staurastrum, which we are inclined to think is merely a South American form of 8. distentum, Wolle (vide W. and G. S. West, “ Some Desm. U.S,” ap te Linn. Soc.,” bot. xxxiii., 1898, p. 316, cum fig. xylogr.,
).
229. S. polymorphum, Bréb, O.—Kirkwall. S.—Scalloway ; Lerwick ;
Neugles Water.
Var. sumplez, var. n. (fig. 28).
Var. cellulis paullo longioribus (sine processibus) ; processibus leviter divergentibus cum annulo uno denticulorum ; apicibus processuum spinis minutis 4 preditis; membrana reliqua glabra ; cellule a vertice vise quadrangulares.
Long. sine proc. 21-23y; lat. sine proc. 12°5—15u, cum. proc. 23-28°5y; lat. isthm. 7°6u.
S.—Near Lerwick, abundant amongst Chlorobotrys regularis, etc. '
Nov
230 231
232.
: 1904. | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH.
bo ~I
. S. crenulatum (Nig.), Delp. O.—W. of Kirkwall.
. S. gracile, Ralfs. O.—Plankton of Loch Kirbister. S.
Lerwick ; Scalloway. Plankton of Loch Clickhimin, Neugles Water, and of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
Var. nanum, Wille. O.—-Kirkwall.
. boreale, sp. n. (fig. 25).
S. parvum, circiter 1}3-plo latius quam longum (cum pro- cessibus), subprofunde constrictum ; semicellule subeyathi- formes, angulis superioribus in processus longos subhorizontaliter dispositos (vel levissime divergentes) productis, processibus cum annulis 4 denticulorum preditis, apicibus processuum trispinatis, apicibus semicellularum leviter subprotractis denticulatis et subrectis, ad basin extremum semicellularum cum annulo den- ticolorum 11-13 (viso 6—7) ; a vertice vise triangulares, angulis in processus sublongos denticulatos productis, lateribus subrectis cum verrucis bidenticulatis 3, intra marginem unumquemque verrucis emarginatis 3 ornatis.
Long. 27-29; lat. cum proc. 43-46u ; lat. isthm.
S.—Plankton of Loch Asta.
This small and elegant Strawrastrum occurred in considerable quantity in the plankton of Loch Asta, and it is not very closely allied to any other British species of the genus. It should, perhaps, be compared with S. Burmense, Turn., and S. galeatum, Turn. (vide W. and G. 8. West, in “Trans. Linn, Soc.,” bot. ser. 2, vi., p. 190, t. 22, f. 19).
t
3-8u.
233. S. paradoxwm, Meyen. S.—Scalloway. Plankton of Lochs Brin-
dister, Trebister, and Sandy; also of Neugles Water, and of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
From Loch Sandy the specimens were very variable with regard to the length of the processes. Long. sine proc, 22—28u ; cum proc. 36—42u ; lat. cum proc. 44-61; lat. isthm. 6x (figs. 34 and 35).
From Loch Trebister some forms were noticed almost identical with others seen from Loch Laxadale, Harris, Outer Hebrides (vide W. and G.S. West, in “ Journ. Linn. Soc.,” bot. xxxv., 1908, p- 548, t. 18, f. 4). Long. sine proc. 274, cum proc. 39y ; lat. cum proc, 44-49u; lat. isthm. 9u. The specimens were quad- rangular, and a little smaller than those previously seen from Harris (fig. 33).
234. S. pseudopelagicum, W. and G, 8S. West. 0.—Plankton of Loch
Kirbister.
235. S. Manfeldtzi, Delp.
Long. 47-5l«; lat. cum proc. 64-694; lat. isthm. 14u (fig. 26).
S.—Plankton of Lochs Sandy and Trebister, and also of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
This species was particularly abundant from Loch Sandy, occurring in prodigious quantity amongst Asterionella formosa and Melosira granulata, The specimens agreed very well with Delponte’s Italian ones, but the emarginate warts at the apex showed greater regularity. In the vertical view the sides of the semi-cells are smooth, and the margins of the processes are only gently undulate.
A few scattered granules were present at the base of each semi-cell, and there was a very slight basal swelling. Vide W. and G. S. West, in “ Trans, Roy. Irish Acad.,” xxxii., sect. B., 1902, p. 56, t. 1, f. 29).
TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [ Sess. LXIX-
. S. anatinum, Cooke and Wills. S.—Plankton of Neugles Water and of Loch Brindister.
. S. proboscideum, Arch. [S. Borgeanwm, Schmidle.] O0.—W. of Kirkwall. S.—Lerwick.
. S. asperum, Bréb. O.——W. of Kirkwall.
. S. pileolatum, Bréb., var. Brasiliense (Borges.), Liittkem. S.—Ler- wick.
. S. margaritaceum (Ehrenb.), Menegh. O.—Kirkwall; Ward Hill, Hoy (both 4- and 5-angular). $.—Lerwick.
Genus SPHROZOSMA, Corda.
241. S. excavatum, Ralfs. %.—Neugles Water.
242. S. granulatum, Roy and Biss. S.—Plankton of Loch Asta, and of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
243. S. vertebratum, Ralfs. S.—Bressay, in a ditch.
Var. punctulatum, W. and G. S. West. [S. punctulatum, West, in “Journ. Bot.,’ Dec. 1891, t. 315, f. 1 and 2.] S.—Near Scalloway.
Genus SPONDYLOSIUM, Bréb. 244, S, pulchellum, Arch. O.—Hoy. Genus HYALOTHECA, Ehrenb. 245, H. dissiliens (Sm.), Bréb. O.—W. of Kirkwall; Stromness; Hoy.
246.
S.—Lerwick ; near Scalloway ; Bressay. Forma tridentula, Nordst. S,—Lerwick. Var. hians, Wolle. S.—Near Lerwick. H. mucosa (Dillw.), Ehrenb. S.—Plankton of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
Genus GyMNozyGA, Ehrenb. . G. moniliformis, Ehrenb, O.—Hoy.
Order PROTOCOCCOIDEA. Family CH#TOPELTIDES.
Genus CH2ZTOSPHAERIDIUM, Klebahn.
248, Ch. globosum (Nordst.), Klebahn. S.—Neugles Water. Family VoLvocace&. Genus PANDORINA, Bory. 249. P. morwm (Miill.), Bory. O.—Kirkwall. §.—Plankton:of Loch Asta. Genus EUDORINA, Ehrenb. 250. E. elegans, Ehrenb. S.—Bressay. Plankton of Loch Asta. Family CHARACIE. Genus CHARACIUM, A. Br, 251. Ch. Pringsheimzi, A. Br. O.—Kirkwall. S.—Lerwick. 252. Ch. heteromorphum (Reinsch), W. and G. 8. West. S.—Scalloway. 253. Ch. longipes, Rabenh. O.—Kirkwall.
Nov.
254,
bo or Or
256,
257.
265.
1904.] BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 29
Ch. falcatum, Schroder, in “ Forschungsber. Biol. Stat. Plon,” vi, 1898, p. 23, t. 1, f.5. Lat. cell. 4-524. §.—Scalloway. This species was frequently observed in the collections from Scalloway, and is remarkable for the great curvature of the cells. It has not previously been recorded from the British Islands.
Family PLEUROCOCCACE&.
Genus pLEUROCOCCUS, Menegh.
. Pl. vulgaris, Menegh. 0. and S.—Very common everywhere.
Genus UROCOCCUS, Kiitz.
U. insignis (Hass), Kiitz. O.—Near Kirkwall ; Stromness ; Hoy. S.—Near Lerwick ; plankton of Loch Brindister ; Bressay.
Family HypropicryAceé. Genus PEDIASTRUM, Meyen.
P, Boryanum (Turp.), Menegh. 0,—Near Kirkwall; Finstown ; plankton of Loch Kirbister. S.—Near Lerwick, and at the margins of Neugles Water; Bressay, in ditches. Plankton of Neugles Water, Lochs Asta, Brindister and Clickhimin, and also of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
Var. granulatum (Kutz), A. Br. O.—Plankton of Loch Kirbister. S.—Plankton of Lochs Asta and Clickhimin.
. P. glanduliferum, Bennett. S.—Neugles Water ; plankton of Loch
Beosetter, Bressay.
. P. duplex, Meyen. O.—Plankton of Loch Kirbister. S.—Plankton
of Lochs Asta, Brindister and Clckhimin, and also of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
. P. integrum, Nag. S.—Plankton of Loch Beosetter, Bressay. . P. tetras (Ehrenb.), Ralfs. O.—Finstown. S.—Near Scalloway ;
Neugles Water ; Bressay.
Family Prorococcacea® (or AUTOSPORACEA).
Genus C@HLASTRUM, Nag.
. O. sphericum, Nig. O-—Ward Hill, Hoy. §.—Plankton of Loch
Asta, and also of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
. C. cambricum, Arch. [C. pulchrum, Schmidle.] | 0,—Finstown.
S.—Neugles Water.
. C. cubicum, Nig. S.—Neugles Water.
Genus SORASTRUM, Kiitz.
S. spinulosum, Nag. O.—Finstown. S,—Neugles Water.
Genus CRUCIGENIA, Morren.
. OC. rectangularis (Nag), Gay. O.—Finstown ; pond near Kirkwall. 7. CU. wrregularis, Wille, “ Algologische Notizen IV.,” ‘*‘ Nyt Magazin for
Naturvidenskb.,” Bd. 38, Heft 1, p. 10, t. 1, f.15. [Willea wrregularts, Schmidle, in “ Berichte Deutsch. Botan. Ges.,” 1900, Bd. xviil., p. 157.]
Long. cell. 7-18» ; lat. cell. 4-94; diam. colon. 48-97u (figs. 6 and 7).
30
TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [ Szss. LXIX.
S.—Plankton of Lochs Asta and Brindister, and also of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
This interesting species was first found by Wille in Norway, both in ordinary collections and in the plankton. It only differs. from O©. rectangularis (Nag.), Gay, in the irregularity of its. colonies, and in the total absence of pyrenoids.
Schmidle has recently placed this Alga under a new genus— Willea, but a comparison of the colonies with those of C. rectangularis does not support this view. All the cells in a large colony of the latter species do not possess pyrenoids, and the only distinction of importance between these two species is the irregularity of the cell-division in Wille’s species.
Genus SCENEDESMUS, Meyen.
. bijugatus (Turp.), Kiitz. O.—W. of Kirkwall; Hoy. S.—Near
Lerwick ; Scalloway ; Bressay. Plankton of Loch Asta.
. obliquus (Turp.), Kitz. O.—Kirkwall. S8.—Near Lerwick. . quadricauda (Turp.), Bréb. O,—Kirkwall; Finstown. Plank-
ton of Loch Kirbister. S.—Lerwick ; Neugles Water. Plankton of Lochs Asta and Clickhimin. Bressay, in ditches and in the plankton of Loch Beosetter.
Var. abundans, Kirchn. S.—Bressay. Plankton of Loch Asta.
. denticulatus, Lagerh. O.—W. of Kirkwall; near Finstown.
S.—Near Lerwick ; Bressay. Plankton of Loch Asta.
. acutiformis, Schroder, in “ Forschungsber. Biol. Stat. Plon,” v.,.
1897, p.17, t. 2, £.4
Var. Brasiliensis, nob. [S. brasiliensis, Bohlin, in “ Bihang till K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl.,” Bd. 23, No. 7, 1897, p. 22, t. 1, f. 26-27; S. acutiformis, Schréd., var. spinuliferum, W. and G. S. West, “ Freshw. Alg. Koh Chang,” “ Botanick Tidsskrift,” Bd. 24, 1901, p. 98, t. 4, f. 46-49.]
Long. cell. sine spin. 20-27; lat. cell. 5-8»; long. spin. 1°5-3°8y (figs. 8 and 9).
S.—Plankton of Loch Asta.
This variety undoubtedly combines the characters of S. denticulatus, Lagerh. ; and S. acutiformis, Schroder, and could be placed equally well as a variety of either species.
Genus ANKISTRODESMUS, Corda.
. faleatus (Corda), Ralfs. [Rhaphidiwm fasciculatum, Kiitz ; Rh.. polymorphum, Fresen., var. faleatum, Rabenh.] O.—Finstown. S.—Near Lerwick; near Scalloway. Plankton of Neugles Water, and also of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
Var. acicularis (A. Br.), G.S. West. [Rhaphidiwm aciculare, A. Br.; Rh. polymorphum, Fresen, var. aciculare, Rabenh.] O.—Kirkwall. Plankton of Loch Kirbister. S.—Near Lerwick ; near Scalloway ; Neugles Water. Plankton of Loch Clickhimin.
Var. mirabilis, G. S. West. [Rh. polymorphum, Fresen, var. mirabile, W. and G. S. West.] S.—Near Scalloway. Plankton of Lochs Sandy and Trebister, and also of Loch Beosetter,. Bressay.
Var. spiralis (Turn.), G.S. West. [Rh. spirale, Turn.] S.— Plankton of Loch Asta. :
274. A. Pfitzeri (Schroder), G. 8. West. [Rh. Pfitzert, Schroder.] S.—
Plankton of Loch Asta, and of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
Noy. 1904.] BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 31
Genus CLOSTERIOPSIS, Lemm.
275. Cl. longissima, Lemm., in “ Forschungsber. Biol. Stat. Pldn,” vii.,
276
277
278 279 280 281 282
283,
284.
285.
288.
289,
1899, p. 29, t. 2, f. 36-38. [Clostertwm pronum, var. longissimum, Lemm. (not Rhaphidium longissimum, Schréder). |
O.—Near Finstown. g
Var. tropicum, nob. eae longissimum, Schréd., var. tropicum, W. and G. S. West, in “Trans. Linn. Soc.,” bot. ser. 2, 1902, p. 198.]
Long. 320-370y ; lat. 6-6°5u ; lat. apic. 1-1°2y (fig. 1).
S.—Plankton of Loch Asta.
The specimens observed were a little longer than those observed from Ceylon, but otherwise very similar. The apices were very much prolonged, but never setiform. The chloroplast contained about 12 pyrenoids.
Genus KIRCHNERIELLA, Schmidle.
. K. obesa (West), Schmidle. S,—Plankton of Neugles Water.
Genus oOocysTIs, Nag.
. O. solitaria, Wittr. O—Near Kirkwall; Hoy. S.—Near Lerwick;
near Scalloway.
. O. elliptica, West. O.—Kirkwall.
. O. crassa, Wittr. S.—Plankton of Loch Asta,
. O. parva, W. and G.S. West. S.—Plankton of Loch Asta.
. O. asymmetrica, W. and G. S. West. O.—Pond near Kirkwall. . O. apiculata, West. S.—Plankton of Loch Asta.
This species was first described from Sphagnum-pools in the Orkney Islands (vide West, in “Journ. Bot.,” April 1893, t. 333, i: 4, OF.
Genus NEPHROCYTIUM, Nig.
. N. Agardhianum, Nag. [inclus. N. Négelii, Grun]. O.—Kirkwall.
S.—Plankton of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
N. lunatum, West. S.—Plankton of Loch Asta.
Genus EREMOSPHARA, De Bary.
E, viridis, De Bary. O.—Near Kirkwall ; Hoy.
Genus TETRAEDRON, Kiitz.
. T. regulare, Kiitz. O.—Near Kirkwall.
Some of the specimens had the angles furnished with short spines, but others were destitute of spines. Diam. 23-43u.
. T. minimum (A. Br.), Hansg. S.—Plankton of Loch Asta.
Genus DICTYOSPHZRIUM, Nag.
D. Ehrenbergianwn, Nag. O.—Stromness; Hoy. S.—Plankton of
Loch Asta.
Genus BoTRyYOCOCCUS, Kiitz.
B. Braunit, Kiitz. O—Near Kirkwall, S.—Near Lerwick ;
Bressay.
32
290.
291. 292.
293.
294.
bo we) te) |
302.
TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [Szss. LXIX.
Genus INEFFIGIATA, W. and G. S. West.
I. neglecta, W. and G. S. West. O.—Kirkwall; Finstown. S.— Near Lerwick; Neugles Water. Plankton of Lochs Asta and Clickhimin. Bressay, in ditches, and also in the plankton of Loch Beosetter.
Genus SCHIZOCHLAMYS, A. Br.
S. gelatinosa, A. Br. O.—Kirkwall. S—Neugles Water. S. delicatula, West. O.—W. of Kirkwall.
Genus sPH#ROCYSTIS, Chodat.
Sph. Schroeteri, Chodat. S.—Plankton of Neugles Water, and of Lochs Asta, Sandy and Brindister.
Genus GL@ocystis, Nag.
G. gigas (Kiitz), Lagerh. O.—Near Kirkwall. Plankton of Loch Kirbister. S—Near Lerwick; near Scalloway ; plankton of Lochs Asta and Clickhimin. Bressay, in ditches, and also in the plankton of Loch Beosetter.
. G. vesiculosa, Nag. O.—Kirkwall; Finstown. S.—Near Scallo-
way ; Neugles Water.
Clas HETEROKONT ZZ
Order CONFERVALES. Family TRIBONEMACEZ. Genus CHLOROBOTRYS, Bohlin.
. Chi. reqularis (West), Bohlin. O.—Near Kirkwall ; Finstown ;
Hoy. S.—Near Lerwick; near Scalloway; Neugles Water; Bressay. Genus opHiocyTium, Nag.
. O. Arbuscula (A. Br.), Rabenh. O.—Near Kirkwall. &.—Bressay . O. graciliceps (A. Br.), Rabenh. S.—Near Lerwick.
. 0. majus, Nag. O—Kirkwall ; Finstown ; Strommness.
. 0. bicuspidatum (Borge), Lemm. O.—Near Kirkwall.
. 0. parvulum (Perty), A. Br. O.—Kirkwall; Finstown.
Genus TRIBONEMA, Derbes and Solier.
T. bombycinum (Ag.), Derb. and Sol. [Conferva bombycina, Ag.] 0.—Near Kirkwall; Hoy. S.—Near Lerwick ; Scalloway. Forma minor (Wille), G.S. West. [Conferva bombycina, forma minor, Wille.] S.—Lerwick ; Bressay.
Clas BACILLARIE A
Order CENTRICZ. Family MELOsIRACEZ. Genus MELOSIRA, Ag.
303. M. granulata (Ehrenb.), Ralfs. S.—Near Lerwick. Plankton of
Neugles Water, Lochs Brindister, Clickhimin and Sandy, and also of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
Nov.
304,
305.
306.
307. 308.
309. 310.
311. 312.
313, 314,
315.
316.
317.
1904.] BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 33
Order PENNATA. Family TABELLARIACEA, Genus TABELLARIA, Ehrenb,.
T. flocculosa (Roth) Kitz. O.—Kirkwall ; Finstown ; Stromness ; Hoy. Plankton of Loch Kirbister. S.—Scalloway ; near Neugles Water. Plankton of Neugles Water, Lochs Brindister and Trebister, and also of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
T. fenestrata (Lyngb.), Kiitz. O.—Finstown. Plankton of Loch Kirbister. S.—Neugles Water and plankton of Loch Brindister. Bressay, in ditches and in plankton of Loch Beosetter.
Var. asterionelloides, Grun. O.—Plankton of Loch Kirbister. S.—Plankton of Loch Brindister, and of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
Family MERIDIONACE, Genus MERIDION, Ag. M. cirewlare, Ag, O.—In a well at Finstown ; Hoy.
Family DriaAToMACE&. Genus pIATOMA, D.C.
D. elongatum, Ag. O.—Finstown. Plankton of Loch Kirbister. S.Scalloway ; Lerwick (a short, thick form). D. hiemale (Lyngb.), Heib. 0.—Finstown. Var. mesodon (Kiitz), V.H. 0.—Kirkwall, in pond in a quarry.
Family FRAGILARIACEA, Genus FRAGILARIA, Lyngb.
F. capucina, Desmaz. O.—Kirkwall. F. mutabilis (W. Sm.), Grun. O.—W. of Kirkwall. S.—Near Lerwick. Plankton of Loch Trebister. F. Crotonensis (A. M. Edw.), Kitton. O.—Plankton of Loch Kir- bister. S.—Plankton of Loch Asta, F. constrwens (Ehrenb.), Grun, var. binodis, Grun. S,—Near Scalloway,
Genus SYNEDRA, Ehrenb.
8S. Ulna (Nitzsch), Ehrenb. 0O.—Finstown; Hoy. S.—Near Lerwick.
S. pulchella, Kiitz. O.—Near Kirkwall ; Stromness. Plankton of Loch Kirbister. S.—Near Lerwick. Plankton of Loch Sandy.
S. Vaucheriw, Kiitz. S.—Near Lerwick.
S. radians (Kiitz.), Grun. O.—Moor pool near Stromness ; Hoy. S.—Neugles Water ; near outlet of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
Genus ASTERIONELLA, Hass.
A. formosa, Hass. S.—Near Lerwick. Plankton of Neugles Water, Lochs Asta, Brindister, Trebister and Sandy, and also of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
TRANS, BOT. SOC, EDIN. VOL, XXIII. 3
34
326. 327.
328. 329.
330.
dal.
BBDy
334.
335.
336. 307.
308. Deg. 340. d4l.
m othbiyhy by
TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [ Sess. LXIX.
Family EvNorTiaces. Genus EUNOTIA, Ehrenb.
. E. pectinalis (Kitz), Rabenh. O.—Near Kirkwall; Finstown ;
Hoy. S.—Near Lerwick; Scalloway. - . prerwpta, Ehrenb., forma curta, V. H. O.—Hoy. Var. inflata, Grun. O.—Near Kirkwall. Arcus, Ehrenb. O.—Hoy. . gracilis (Ehrenb,), Rabenh. S.—Near Lerwick; near Scalloway. . major (W.Sm.), Rabenh. O.—Hoy. S.—Near Scalloway. . diodon, Ehrenb. S.—Near Scalloway ; Neugles Water. . lunaris (Ehrenb.), Grun. O,—Near Finstown. S.—Lerwick ; near Scalloway. . biceps (W. Sm.) G. S. West. [Synedra biceps, W. Sm. ; E. flexuosa, Kiitz, var. bicapitata, Grun.] S.—Bressay, in ditches,
Family ACHNANTHACE.
Genus ACHNANTHES, Bory.
A. coarctata (Bréb.), Grun. O.—Plankton of Loch Kirbister. A. flexella (Kitz), Bréb. [Cocconeis Thwaitesu, W. Sm.] O.— Kirkwall; Hoy. S.—Near Lerwick ; Bressay. A. Biasolettiana, Grun. O.—Well at Finstown. A. exilis, Kiitz. O.—Near Kirkwall; Hoy. S.—Near Lerwick ; Neugles Water. A. lanceolata (Bréb.), Grun. O.—Finstown. S.—Near Scalloway. Family CoccoNEIDACE. Genus COCCONEIS, Ehrenb. C. Placentula, Ehrenb. 0O.—Stromness, S.—Neugles Water.
Plankton of Loch Asta. C. Pediculus, Ehrenb. O.—Kirkwall; Finstown ; Hoy.
Family NavICULACE. Genus NAVICULA, Bory.
N. nobilis (Ehrenb.), Kiitz. O—Near Kirkwall (very abundant among Hremosphera viridis and Tetmemorus granulatus) ; Hoy- S.—Near Lerwick ; near Scalloway.
N. major, Kitz. OW—Kirkwall; Hoy. S—Plankton of Loch Asta. Bressay, in ditches, and in the plankton of Loch Beosetter.
N. viridis, Kitz. O.—Near Kirkwall; Hoy. Plankton of Loch Kirbister, S.—Near Lerwick ; near Scalloway ; Neugles Water- Plankton of Loch Clickhimin, and also of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
N. lata, Bréb. O.—Kirkwall.
N. alpina (W. Sm.), Ralfs. O.—Near Kirkwall. S—Near Lerwick ; near Scalloway. Plankton of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
In some of the collections this species was very abundant.
N. divergens (W. Sm.), Ralfs. O.—W. of Kirkwall.
N. Brebissonii, Kitz. O.—Kirkwall Plankton of Loch Kirbister-
N. Tabellaria (Ehrenb.), Kiitz. O.—Kirkwall; Finstown ; Hoy.
N. gtbba (Ehrenb.), Kiitz. O—Near Kirkwall; Hoy. S.— Scalloway.
Nov. 1904.] | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 35
342. N. appendiculata (Ag.), Kiitz. S.—-Lerwick.
343. N. mesolepta, Ehrenb. O.—Kirkwall ; Hoy. S.—Near Lerwick ; Scalloway.
Var. Termes (Ehrenb ), V. H. S.—Near Scalloway.
344. N. Legumen, Ehrenb. S.—Bressay.
345. N. oblonga, Kiitz. O—Finstown.
346. N. peregrina (Ehrenb.), Kiitz. O—\Finstown.
347. N. gracilis, Kiitz. O.—Moor pool near Stromness. S.—Near Lerwick.
348. N. viridula, Kiitz. S.—Lerwick ; Scalloway.
Forma minor, V. H. S.—Neugles Water.
349, N. radiosa, Kiitz. O.—Near Kirkwall; Finstown ; Stromness ; Hoy. Plankton of Loch Kirbister. S.—Near Scalloway ; Bressay.
350. N. aipocoohall, Kiitz. O.—Near Kirkwall. S.—Scalloway.
351. N. rhynchocephala, Kitz, O—Near Kirkwall. S.—Scalloway ; Bressay.
Var. rostellata, (Kutz. ?), V.H. O.—Hoy.
352. N. Gastrwm (Ehrenb,.), Donk. 0.—Kirkwall. §$.—Lerwick.
353. N. tumida, W.Sm. O.—Near Finstown.
354. N. Semen, Ehrenb. O.—Hoy.
355. N. dicephala, Ehrenb. O.—Hoy. S.—Near Lerwick.
356. N. elliptica, Kiitz. O.—Near Kirkwall; Finstown ; Stromness ; Hoy. Plankton of Loch Kirbister. S.—Scalloway ; Lerwick ; Neugles Water. Plankton of Loch Asta (very abundant).
357. N. pusilla, W.Sm. S.—Plankton of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
358. N. cuspidata, Kitz. O.—Pond near Kirkwall. S.—Bressay.
359. N. exiles (Ktitz), Grun. O.—Hoy. S.—Near Lerwick ; Bressay.
360. N. Amphisbena, Bory. 0.—Finstown.
361. N. limosa, Kiitz. O.—Kirkwall ; Finstown ; Hoy.
362. N. Iridis, Ehrenb., var. Amphirhynchus (Ehrenb.), De Toni. O.— W. of Kirkwall.
Var. affinis (Ehrenb.) V. H. O.—Finstown; Stromness. Plankton of Loch Kirbister. 363. N. contenta, Grun., var. biceps, V. H. O.—Hoy, on wet rocks. This species is often found on the leaves and bark of trees in damp climates.
Genus STAURONEIS, Ehrenb.
364. St. Phenicenteron, Ehrenb. O.—Finstown. S.—Near Scalloway. Plankton of Loch Asta.
365. St. anceps, Ehrenb. 0O.—Kirkwall. S.—Near Lerwick; near Scalloway ; Bressay.
Genus VANHEURCKIA, Bréb.
366. V. rhomboides (Ehrenb.), Bréb. S.—Near Scalloway ; Lerwick. Var. Saawonica (Rabenh.), G. S. West. [Frustulia saxonica, Rabenh. ; Navicula crassinervia, Bréb.] OU.—Near Kirkwall ; Hoy. S.—Near Lerwick; near Scalloway ; Neugles Water. Plankton of Lochs Clickhimin and Trebister.
Genus AMPHIPLEURA, Kiitz.
367. A. pellucida, Kiitz. O.—Kirkwall; Finstown. %.— Bressay. Plankton of Loch Trebister.
36 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE (Sess. nar. Genus GYRosIGMA, Hass. 368. G. attenuatwm (Kiitz), Rabenh. S.—Plankton of Loch Asta. 369. G. acuminata (Kitz), 0.—Moor pool near Stromness. 370. G. Spencerti (Queck), O. K. O.—Near Kirkwall. Genus MASTOGLOIA, Thwaites. 371. M. Smithii, Thwaites. O—Finstown. S.—Near Scalloway. Family GoMPHONEMACEZ. Genus GOMPHONEMA, Ag. 372. G. acuminatum, Ehrenb. O.—Kirkwall; Stromness; near Fins- town; Hoy. S.—Near Lerwick ; Bressay. 373. G. construtum, Elirenb. S.—Bressay. Var. capitatum (Ehrenb.), V. H. S.—Lerwick.. 374. G. intricatum, Kiitz. O—Hoy. S.—Near Lerwick ; near Scallo- way ; Bressay. Var. Vibrio (Ehrenb.), V. H. 0.—Plankton of Loch Kirbister. 375. G. olivaceum (Lyngb.), Kiitz. O.—Hoy. Piankton cf Loch Kir- bister. S.—Near Lerwick. Family CoccoNEMACE. Genus cocconEMA, Ehrenb. 376. C. Ehrenbergti (Kitz), G. S. West. [Cymbella Ehrenbergu, Kiitz.] .—Hoy. §%.—Bressay, in ditches. 377. C. cuspidatum, (Kiitz), G. S. West, [Cymbella cuspidata, Kiitz.] ' O,—Finstown ; Siromness; Hoy. S.—Scalloway. Var. naviculiformis (Auersw.) S.—Lerwick. 378. C, delicatulum (Kutz), nob. [Cymbella delicatula, Kitz]. O.— Kirkwall ; Hoy, S.—Scalloway ; Bressay. 379. C. affine (Kiitz), nob. [Cymbella affinis, Kiitz.] O—Plankton of Loch Kirbister. S.—Scalloway ; Bressay. 380. C0. gastroides (Kiitz), nob. [Cymbella gastroides, Kiitz.] O.—Kairk- wall ; Hoy. 381. C. lanceolatum, Ebrenb. 0.—W. of Kirkwall. Plankton of Loch Kirbister. 382. C. cymbiforme, Ehrenb. 0.—Near Finstown; Stromness. S.— Lerwick. 383. C. Cistula, Ehrenb. O.—Near Finstown ; Stromness; Hoy. S.— Lerwick. 384. C. helveticum (Kiitz), nob. [Cymbella helvetica, Kiitz,] O.—Hoy. S.—Near Lerwick ; Bressay. 385. C. tumidum, Bréb. O.—Finstown. 386. C. ventricosum (Ag.), nob. [Cymbella ventricosa, Ag.| S.—Near Lerwick. 387. C. obtuswm (Greg. ), nob. It Cymbella obtusa, Greg.] O.—Hoy. 388. C. cespitosum (Kiitz.),G.S. West. [Encyonema cespitosum, Kiitz.] S.—Neugles Water. 389. C. gracile (Rabenh.), G.S. West. [Encyonema gracile, Rabenh. | O.—W. of Kirkwall; Hoy. Genus AMPHORA, Ehrenb. 390. A. ovalis, Kutz. O.—Near Kirkwall ; Finstown; Hoy. Plankton
of Loch Kirbister. S—Near Lerwick; Neugles Water. Plankton of Lochs Asta and Clickhimin.
Nov.
391.
392. 393.
394.
395. 396.
397. 398.
399. 400.
401. 402.
403.
404. 405.
406. 407.
408.
409.
1904.] | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 37
Genus EPITHEMIA, Bréb.
E. turgida (Ehrenb.), Kiitz. O.—Near Kirkwall; Finstown. S.— Plankton of Loch Asta.
E. Sorex, Kiitz. O.—Finstown.
E, gibba, Kiitz. O.—Kirkwall; near Finstown. S.—Near Scallo- way ; Neugles Water. Plankton of Loch Asta. Bressay, in ditches, and also in the plankton of Loch Beosetter.
Var. ventricosa (Kiitz), V. H. O.—Pond near Kirkwall ; Finstown. S.—Bressay. . Argus (Ehrenb.), Kiitz. O.—Near Kirkwall ; Finstown ; Hoy. Var. alpestris (W. Sm.), Rabenh. 0.—Near Finstown; Stromness.
E, gibberula (Ehrenb.), Kiitz. O.—Finstown. S.—Lerwick ; near Scalloway.
E. Zebra (Ehrenb.), Kiitz. 0.—Kirkwall; Hoy. S.—Near Lerwick ; near Scalloway.
Family NIrzscHIACE&. Genus NITZSCHIA, Hass.
N. constricta (Kiitz), Pritch, O.—W. of Kirkwall.
N. Sigmoidea (Ehrenb.), W. Sm. 0O.—Pond near Kirkwall ; Finstown ; Hoy. S.—Near Scalloway ; Bressay.
N. vermicularis (Kitz), Grun. S.—Scalloway.
N. linearis (Ag.), W.Sm. S.—Near Lerwick. Plankton of Loch Brindister.
N. subtilis, Grun. S.—Bressay.
N. Palea (Kiitz.), W. Sm. 0.—Kirkwall; Stromness. Plankton of Loch Kirbister. S.—Lerwick; Scalloway. Plankton of Lochs Asta and Trebister.
Genus HANTZSCHIA, Grun. H. Amphioxys (Ehrenb.), Grun. S.—Scalloway.
Family SURIRELLACE&. Genus CYMATOPLEURA, W. Sm.
C. Solea (Bréb.), W. Sm. O.—Stromness ; Hoy. C. elliptica (Bréb.), W. Sm. 0O.—Plankton of Loch Kirbister. S.—Neugles Water. Plankton of Loch Asta.
Genus SURIRELLA, Turpin.
S. biservata, Bréb. O.—Kirkwall; Hoy. S,.—Near Lerwick ; near Scalloway ; Neugles Water ; Bressay.
. linearis, W. Sm. O.—W. of Kirkwall; Hoy. Plankton of Loch Kirbister. S.—Neugles Water. Bressay, in ditches, and also in the plankton of Loch Beosetter.
S. robusta, Ehrenb. S.—Plankton of Loch Clickhimin.
Var. splendida (Ehrenb.), V. H. S.—Plankton of Neugles Water, Lochs Asta and Brindister, and also of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
S. ovalis, Bréb., var. ovata (Kiitz.), V. H. S.—Near Lerwick.
Var. minuta (Bréb.), V. H. O.—Hoy.
HR
38
410.
411,
412,
413.
414, 415. 416.
417. 418.
419,
422,
TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [ Szss. LXIX.
Var. angusta (Kiitz.), V. H. O.—W. of Kirkwall; Hoy. S.—Lerwick ; near Scalloway. Var. pinnata (W. Sm.), V. H. S.—Near Lerwick. S. spiralis, Kitz. O.—Near Kirkwall. Genus CAMPYLODIscUS, Ehrenb. C. Hibernicus, Ehrenb. S,—Plankton of Loch Asta.
Clas MYXOPHYCEZ. Sub-class GLAUCOCYSTIDE&. Family GLAUCOCYSTACE. Genus GLAucocystis, Itzigsohn. G, Nostochinearwm, Itzigsohn. S.—Near Scalloway.
Sub-class ARCHIPLASTIDE. Order HORMOGONEA,. Family STIGONEMACEA, Genus HAPALOSIPHON, Nig. H., intricatus, West. S.—Neugles Water.
Genus STIGONEMA, Ag.
St. ocellatum (Dillw.), Thur. O.—Kirkwall. S.—Near Scalloway. St. turfaceum (Eng. Bot.), Cooke. $.—Near Scalloway. St. munutwm, Hass. S.—Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
Family ScyToNEMACE. Genus TOLYPOTHRIX, Kiitz.
T. lanata (Desy.), Wartm. S.—Near Scalloway. T. tenwis, Kiitz. O.—Kirkwall. S.—Lerwick.
Family Nostocace&.
Genus Nostoc, Vauch. N. microscopicum, Carm. O.—Near Kirkwall. S.—Near Scallo-
way ; Neugles Water.
Genus ANABHNA, Bory.
. A, oscillarioides, Bory. O.—In pond near Kirkwall, among
Rhizocloniwm hieroglyphicum.
. A. cirevnalis, Rabenh. S.—Plankton of Neugles Water, Lochs Asta,
Brindister and Clickhimin.
Family OscILLATORIACE. Genus SCHIZOTHRIX, Kiitz.
S. penicillata (Kiitz.),Gom. Crass. fil. 26-36u ; crass. trich. 4°3- 4"7u. S.—Near Scalloway.
Novy.
423. 424, 425. 426.
427. 428.
429, 430.
431.
439.
441,
442.
1904.] BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 39
Genus PHORMIDIUM, Kiitz).
Ph. autwmnale (Ag.), Gom. O.—Kirkwall. S.—Scalloway.
Ph, uncinatum (Ag.), Gom. O.—Near Stromness.
Ph, laminosum (Ag.), Gom. S.—In ditches, Bressay.
Ph, tenue (Menegh.), Gom. 0O.—W. of Kirkwall. S.—Lerwick.
Genus OSCILLATORIA, Vauch.
O. limosa, Ag. S.—Bressay.
O. tenuis, Ag. O.—Finstown ; Hoy. S.—Plankton of Lochs Asta and Sandy, and also of Loch Beosetter, Bressay. Neugles Water.
O. formosa, Bory. U.—Hoy, in stream.
O. ornata, Kiitz. Crass. trich. 10u. S.—Near Scalloway.
Family RIvULARIACE2. Genus CALOTHRIX, Ag.
C. parietina, Thur. The specimens were somewhat narrower than usual. Crass. fil. 9°5-12u; crass. trich. 65-8u. O.—Near Kirkwall. S.—Near Scalloway.
Order COCCOGONE. Family CHROCOCCACE. Genus MERISMOPEDIA, Meyen.
. M. eruginea, Bréb, S.—Plankton of Loch Asta, Brindister, Click-
himin and Trebister.
. M. elegans, A. Br. S.—Plankton of Loch Brindister, and also of
Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
. M. glauca (Ehrenb.), Nag. O.—W. of Kirkwall ; Finstown ; Hoy.
S.—Near Scalloway ; Neugles Water. Bressay, in ditches, and also in the plankton of Loch Beosetter.
Genus CHLOSPHZRIUM, Nag.
. CO. Kiitzingianum, Nig. S.—Near Lerwick ; Bressay. Plankton of
Lochs Asta, Brindister and Neugles Water.
. C. Ndgelianum, Unger. S.—Plankton of Loch Brindister.
Genus MIcRocystTIs, Kiitz, M. elabens (Bréb.), Kiitz. S.—Plankton of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
. M. prasina (Wittr.), Lemm. S.—Plankton of Neugles Water, and
of Loch Beosetter, Bressay. M. Flos-aque (Wittr.), Kirchn. S.—Plankton of Lochs Brindister and Clickhimin.
. M. stagnalis, Lemm, S.—Plankton of Neugles Water and Loch
Asta. Genus @Laocapsa, Kiitz.
Gl. Ralfsiana (Hass.) Kiitz. S.—At the margins of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
Genus APHANOCAPSA, Nag. A, Grevillei (Hass.), Rabenh. O.—W. of Kirkwall.
40
443.
444,
445, 446,
447.
TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [ Szss. LXIX.
Genus cHRococcus, Nag.
Ch. turgidus (Kiitz.), Nig. O—Near Kirkwall ; Hoy. S.—Near Lerwick ; Scalloway ; Bressay. Plankton of Lochs Asta and Brindister.
Ch. coherens (Bréb.), Nag. S.—Plankton of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
Ch. limneticus, Lemm. S.—Plankton of Neugles Water.
Ch. pallidus, Nig. O.—Near Kirkwall. S.—Near Lerwick. Plankton of Loch Beosetter, Bressay.
Ch. minor (Kiitz.), Nig. S.—Lerwick ; Neugles Water. Plankton of Loch Sandy.
28.
30.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES. front view of cell (a fronte visa).
vertical view of cell (a vertice visa). side view of cell (a latere visa).
Puate I.
. Closteriopsis longissima, Lemm,, var. tropicwm, nob. x 520. . Zygnema stellinum (Vauch.), Kiitz., var. cylindrospermum, var.
by Ses PA0)
. Crucigenia irreqularis, Wille. x 500. . Scenedesmus acutiformis, Schroder, var. Brasiliensis, nob.
x 520.
. Closterium exile, sp.n. x 400. . Huastrum montanum, sp.n. x 520.
3 pectinatum, Bréb., var. inevolutum, var. n. xX 430.
. Xanthidium antilopewm (Bréb. ), Kiitz, var. depauperatum,
Var.m. x<o20)
. Genicularia Spirotenia, De Bary. x 520. . Cosmarium goniodes, W. and G. 8S. West, var. variolatum,
var. n. x400.
= leve, Rabenh., var. cymatiwm, var.n. x 500.
9 isthmochondrum, Nordst., var. pergranulatwm, var.n. x 400.
: subcontractum, sp. n. x 400:
3 Pseudobroomer, Wolle, var. convexwm, var. 0. x 400.
. Pentium margaritaceum (Ehrenb.), Bréb., var. irregularius,
varnm: Sap 20:
Prate II,
. Cosmarium subarctowm (Lagerh.), Racib., forma punctata.
x 520.
. Staurastrum boreale, sp.n. x 520.
a Manfeldtii, Delp. x 520.
- affine, sp.n. x 520,
5 polymorphum, Bréb., var. simplex, var. n. x 400.
‘ cyrtocerum, Bréb., var. compactwm, var. Nn. x 520.
i retusum, Turn., var. boreale, var.n. x 400.
Vol. XX. Pil,
Trans. bot. Soc. Edin"
Huth, lith.et imp.
G.S. West, ad nat del.
Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin? Vol XM PULL
37.
j G.S. West, ad nat, del. ; 7 Huth, lith et imp.
Nov. 1904.] | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 41
Fig. 3l. Fe tetracerum, Ralfs, var. evolutwm, var.n. x 520. 7 32. - brevispinum, Bréb., forma. x 520. 5 33. Be paradoxum, Meyen, form from Loch Trebister. x 520. » 34, 35. forms from Loch Sandy.
” » ; f 36. Arthrodesmus triangularis, Lagerh., var. subtriangularis (Borge), nob. x 520. " 37. Tetmemorus granulatus (Bréb.), Ralfs. Abnormal zygospore. x 400.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDovuGaLL communicated some notes by J. Greg. Nicolson, on rare Caithness Plants, with exhibi- tion of specimens, including Carex salina, var. kattegatensis, Primula scotica, Oxytropis wralensis, and Hierochloe borealis. An interesting discussion followed.
SomE RarE CAITHNESS PLANTS. WITH NOTES. By J. GreG. NICOLSON,
Geographically Caithness is the most northern county of the mainland. It is triangular in shape, Duncansby Head forming the apex, and is separated geologically from its neighbour Sutherlandshire by a line of broken-down schists that run from end to end of the base, and formed at one time the western “march” of Lake Orcadie. Caithness was part of the bed of that old-world lake. The county is accordingly comparatively flat towards the north, and is of the Old Red formation, the huge faults between the flags and sandstones being filled with boulder clay.
Botanically Caithness is of particular interest, as Alpine forms occur on the seashore and the lowlands, and are so modified by the high latitude and by their low-lying habitats as to give the botanist exceptional difficulty in determining the various species. Some of the specimens submitted show this peculiarity well. It may be noted that the title of this contribution is somewhat ambiguous, as plants may be scarce in Caithness and common farther south, or plentiful in the county and rare elsewhere. Both sides are touched upon slightly.
Careaz salina (Wahlenb.), var. kattegatensis (Fr.).—Two extensive beds of Carex in the lower part of Wick river were supposed to be Carex riparia from their general
42 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [Szss. ixrx.
appearance—although it was noticed that they fe rather small and pale.
A specimen sent by me to Edinburgh ix ‘the- Sos was not recognised by Professor Dickson, who examined my collection. In 1884 a single specimen was sent to A. Bennet, among others. He observed that it was a strange plant, and on consulting other botanists found it to be Carex salina, var. kattegatensis, common in Sweden, but not hitherto reported as found in this country. From further specimens forwarded (1885), the naming has been confirmed. The plant was so common that it used to be mown to make “bog hay” for farm purposes; but probably the recent river improvements —the banking and deepening of the sandbank on which the Carex grew—must have worked havoc among its ranks.
Primula scotica (Hook.).—Very abundant on Keiss Links, Caithness, and on other bare coast pasture-lands. The plant flowers two or three times a year, and the supposed variety acaulis is only the latest growth when the plant is consider- ably exhausted. From Keiss, Wick, and other localities, I have many specimens which have a tall scape of the previous flowering still standing, and acauline flowers beneath on a branch of the same root stock. The flowers on the scape were of course withered, but the scape itself was fresh when gathered. The local name for P. scotica is “ Dusty Miller.” The sessile flowers and intermediate stages may be plainly seen in the specimens submitted. Garden-transplanted specimens grow of larger size for a few months, exhibit the same characteristics of flowering, etc., but die off on the approach of winter.
Hierochloe borealis (Roem. and Schult.).—‘‘ Holy grass” — so called from its use in Turkish cemeteries—was discovered by Robert Dick on the banks of Thurso river. It has also been reported from the Clova Hills in Forfarshire. In Dick’s herbarium in Thurso museum specimens are so marked. In the “ Trans. Edin. Bot. Soc.,” 1854, will be found an account of the localities where Dick got the Hierochloe. Some of the specimens of the plant submitted were gathered quite recently in the vicinity of Dick’s discovery, but the grass is extremely rare.
Mimulus luteus (Linn.).—Only one variety is noted in the London Catalogue, 9th edition, but there seem to be two in
Nov. 1904.] BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 43
Caithness. The Wick sort is slender, and sparingly branched with yellow flowers, but the Newton (14 miles distant) specimens have large leaves, spotted flowers, and are much more branchy.
Suxifraga tridactylites (Linn.).—Found abundant at the mouth of the Burn of Dunnet, near Dunnet Head. It grows on braes, close to the sea-sand. For an interesting dispute about this plant, see Smiles’ “ Life of Dick.”
Thalictrum majus (Cranz).—Specimens of the supposed 7’. moajus having been sent to Bennet, the latter says in “ The Journal of Botany,’ 1882 :—* Some slight doubt may attach to this plant—the fruit being too near ‘minus,’ but the exposed and northern situation may have stunted the develop- ment of the fruit late in autumn.” In 1885 Messrs Hanbury and Fox took a botanical tour through Caithness, and had those plants pointed out to them at Reay. They thought the 7. majus to be only luxuriant specimens of 7. maritimum; the difference being due to shelter and soil—the stunted form growing on the top of a hillock and the larger in the sheltered hollow at its side.
fanunculus aquatilis (var.)—Of the various species or varieties that have at one time or other been included under fi. aquatilis, there is a variety growing in a pond at Shore- lands (a mile or so from Wick) which the late H. C. Watson called &. trichophyllus (Chaix), and another in the ditches between Wick and Staxigoe—which corresponds to the de- scription of &. Baudotii (Godronii), var. confusus, in Hooker’s “Flora.” The Staxigoe specimens vary much, and on com- paring them with the descriptions and figures in “ Sowerby’s English Botany,” one seems to have a choice between calling them intermediate forms of &. Drouetii (Schulz), hi, Baudotii vulgaris, and R. Baudotii confusus, or supposing that the differences between those is imaginary. Specimens from Sibster (14 miles from Wick), which appear identical with the Staxigoe ones, have been named £&. heterophyllus (Fries) by A. Bennet.
Ranunculus arvensis (Linn.)—The only specimen ever found in Caithness. It was probably introduced with garden seeds, as it grew in a bed of carrots.
Sisymbrium Sophia (Linn.)—Once found by Dick on a ballast heap near Thurso,
44 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [Sess. rxrx,
Lrodium cicutarium.—aA specimen was found by me near Wick manse in September 1881.
The above three specimens are illustrative of the absence of plants in Caithness that are fairly common farther south.
Arctostaphylos alpina (Spreng.) found by self (5th June 1884) on Morven, the highest mountain in the county (2300 ft.)
Dick got some specimens on Ben Dorrery. The plant is not at all common. Arctostaphylos Uva-wrsi is, on the contrary, fairly plentiful.
Loiseleuria procumbens.—This is the first specimen found in Caithness. It grew on the top of Morven, on the east side, near a “well” or natural spring. The plant, growing in small patches, was found by me on Sth June 1884.
Oxyria digyna (Hill), rare.
Draba incana is “four miles from Thurso,” so marked by Dick. As a matter of fact, Dick’s herbarium is more ornamental than useful as a contribution to the botany of the county. He seems to have taken a positive pleasure in concealing localities, as in the case of Osmunda, ete.
This plant is to be met with on the brae above the road at Latheronwheel (17 miles S. of Wick), and also on the top of the Hill of Yarehouse (6 miles S. of Wick).
Oxytropis wralensis (DC.) till recently was only to be found on the sea-cliffs at Downreay, in the N.W. of the county, and even there it is by no means plentiful.
Hieracium prenanthoides (Vill.)—Named by A. Bennet. Found at Gillock, near Wick.
Hieracium crocatum (Fr.), also fide Bennet. Found near Thurso.
Potamogeton filiformis (Nolte).—Loch of Yarehouse.
Potamogeton prelongus (Wulf.).—Loch of Yarehouse.
Carex aquatilis, var. elatior (Bab.) vel Watsoni—Abundant on Wick river, and fairly common on Thurso river.
Carex flava, var. Gderi (sub. sp.) (Retz.).—Found at Shinval by me, and so named by Professor Dickson. Dr. Davidson says that this plant is common at the loch of Winless (an inland loch five miles or so from Wick), ,
Carex flava, minor (Townsend).—Found at Gillock, among grass at the foot of the braes just above Gillock House. Also called Carex flava, var. wdocarpa (Anders.) in Mr.
Nov. 1904. | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 45
Crawford’s “Chart of the British Carices,” but as yet I have not been able to find its equivalent in the Lond. Cat., 9th edition.
Caren incurva (Lightf.).—One of Dick’s discoveries. It is pretty common at the Water of Wester (N. of Wick), between the bridge and the sea, in what is often practically salt water. It also grows on Reay Links and at Shinval (a place in the 8S. W. of Caithness, and several miles inland).
Deyeuaia strigosa (Kunth.)—A Scandinavian species, its native habitat beg wet, boggy marshes in Lapland, Finland, ete. It was found by Dick at Loch Durran, and was taken by him to be Calamagrostis lapponica, but Professor Balfour named it C. stricta. The draining of the loch was supposed to have rendered the plant extinct, but it has been found since.
ADDENDUM.
Hymenea Courbaril—W. Indian locust. The seeds are imbedded in a mealy pulp, which is used as food. Nat. order Leguminose,
This specimen was found at low tide among the seaweed and shells between Huna and John o’ Groats. It appears to have been carried from the West Indies by the Gulf Stream. It is not the only West Indian or Gulf of Mexico product that has reached Caithness in that way.
GEO. LORIMER, Esq., exhibited a photograph of abnormal flower of Digitalis alba. Several members cited instances of similar abnormalities in this and other genera.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDouGa.u showed fruits of Zrapa bicormis found in tanks in N. India.
Mr. Nico~son, Mr. Lorimer, and Dr. MacDouGaLy received the thanks of the Meeting.
- 5 tay fe
= PAL
.*>
Miiok ad ee
B kn in nie
Oe
“_ /] ws (nites
if ta inom ie wr ity vf
: by - Ts fiat ity foes. rat . { ihe al Pin fit al P i iT} eG ahi inviabvneitea ‘phe
: 2 hy Bt “ij Pavia rae ii Dead:
mte nits nie
hy 5; . “fits ATA ag ih ae we : J vey ae * Gu" is 7, epson vite
. rte Vii nie, af : i -#
Dec, 1904.| BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH 47
MEETING OF THE SOCIETY, Thursday, December 8, 1904.
Professor I, BayLEy Baurour, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
A. C. M. BELL, Esq., W.S., East Morningside House, was proposed as a Resident Fellow of the Society by ALEx. Cowan, Esq., and seconded by Professor BAYLEY BaLFrour, F.R.S.
Mr. Wm. B. Boyp read an obituary notice of the late Dr. A. P. AirkeN. The paper dealt chiefly with the career of Dr. Aitken, his connection with the Botanical Society, and his various publications in separate departments of Science.
AN OBITUARY NOTICE OF THE LATE DR. ANDREW PEEBLES AITKEN, D.Sc. By WitiiAm B. Boyp.
Dr. Andrew Peebles Aitken, Professor of Chemistry in the Royal (Dick) Veterinary College. and Lecturer on Agricultural Chemistry in the University of Edinburgh, died at his residence, 38 Garscube Terrace, Murrayfield, on Sunday, 17th April 1904. He was a native of Edinburgh, and was educated at its university, where he graduated as Master of Arts in 1867, as Bachelor of Science in the department of Physical Science in 1871, and as Doctor of Science in the department of Chemistry in 1873.
After leaving the university he studied at Heidelberg, and on his return to this country was appointed assistant to Professor Crum Brown and Demonstrator of Practical Chemistry in Edinburgh University. In 1875 Dr. Aitken was appointed Professor of Chemistry in the Royal (Dick) Veterinary College—a post which he continued to occupy up to his death.
He was elected a Fellow of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh on the 12th January 1871, and Foreign Secretary on 11th December 1884. On the 13th November he read a paper on ‘Astragalus mollissimus,’ and, on the 10th
48 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [Sess. Lxix,
December 1891, on ‘‘ The Roots of Grasses in Relation to their Upper Growths.” (with two plates). On the 14th November 1895 he was elected President of the Botanical Society; and on retiring, on 12th November 1896, gave a Presidential Address, on “ The Nitrogenous Food of Plants.” At the close of his year of office he was re-elected president for another year; and at its close, on the 11th November 1897, his Presidential Address was on “Symbiosis: The power possessed by certain leguminous plants of assimilating the free nitrogen of the air, and of converting it into their own albuminoid tissue.” On the 14th January 1897 he exhibited an apple, showing carpellary proliferation; and on the 10th March 1898, he read a paper on ‘* The Relation between the Colour of Daffodils and Composition of the Soils in which they are grown.”’ ‘These seem to include all his contributions to our “ Transactions” ; but the great amount of work which he had to perform in other relations, particularly in connection with the Highland and Agricultural Society, prevented him from giving that attention to purely botanical investigation, which in his hands would certainly have been fertile in result.
Dr. Aitken was an original member of the Scottish Alpine Botanical Club, and held the appointment of minstrel during all the years of his membership. He was a man of most genial and happy temperament, and his presence was always much appreciated by the members. During the latter years of his life, when, owing to delicate health, he was unable to be present, he was much missed. He was a delightful singer, with a sweet and sympathetic voice, and was the author of many botanical songs, which were much enjoyed by the club. He was a good all-round botanist ; and the excursions on the Scottish mountains, which usually lasted for about a week, were much enjoyed by him. He was present on that memorable occasion in Glen Spean, when the club discovered, for the second time in Britain, that rare plant Saxifraga cespitosa, which had, about fifty years before, been discovered on Ben Aan, but the exact locality of which had been quite lost sight of, till it was refound by two or three of the members of this club growing in great beauty and luxurianee. He was also at a meeting at Braemar, when the club discovered that very rare plant Sagina Boydii,
DEc. 1904. | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 49
which turned out to be new to science, and which, unfortunately, has never been refound since. One excursion to the Swiss Alps I well remember, when we stayed for several days at Zermatt, revelling in the rare vegetation to be found there; and, after crossing the St. Theodule Pass, we found our way to Aosta, thence to Cormayeur, from which point we enjoyed a delightful walk round Mont Blane to Chamonix. He was a capital linguist, and never at a loss either in French or German.
Dr. Aitken was also a member of the Botanical Society Club, where many of his botanical songs (which were originally composed for this club) were sung and much enjoyed after dinner. A few of the favourites were ‘‘ The Kail Yaird,” ‘‘ The wee Flourie that hasna got a Name,” and the ‘‘ Bonnie wee Moscatelle.” At these dinner meetings his merry, happy, and genial manner was much appreciated.
He was also a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, the American Chemical Society, the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, and the Scottish Meteorological Society. Dr. Aitken was appointed, in 1894, Lecturer on Agricultural Chemistry in the University of Edinburgh, and previous to that he held the appointment of Examiner in Chemistry in the same university.
I here add a few notes by Mr. J. Wyclif Black, assistant to Dr. Aitken in his chemical laboratory. The analytical work carried on by Dr. Aitken was, in its main branches, of an agricultural nature. He was analyst for several counties and burghs in Scotland, and the work which these places contributed was entirely confined to samples taken under the Food and Drugs Act. He also carried on a great amount of analytical work in connection with water-supplies, and was constantly employed as an expert witness in litigations under the Rivers’ Pollution Prevention Act. Among the many cases with which he was connected I may mention the following: Spey Pollution case, Nith Pollution case, Almond Pollution case, and Braid Burn Pollution case. He also had a general consulting practice, which brought many diverse cases before his notice.
With regard to Dr, Aitken’s publications, the great pro- portion were connected with agriculture. The greater
TRANS. BOT. SOC. EDIN. VOL, XXIII. =
50 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE |Szss. rxrx.
number of them are to be found in the “ Transactions” of the Highland and Agricultural Society. In the year 1879, Dr. Aitken delivered, in the chambers of that Society, a series of lectures on chemistry as applied to agriculture, extracts from which appeared in the “ North British Agriculturist” of that year. For the last three years Dr. Aitken delivered another course of lectures on “Feeding and Fodder,’ under the auspices of Edinburgh and East of Scotland Agricultural College. He also conducted a course of chemistry for the gardeners at the Royal Botanic Gardens. At the time of his death he was conducting an experiment on the improve- ment of pasture, and also an investigation into the composition of frosted and unfrosted oats.
Dr. Aitken was an exceedingly able lecturer. His never- failing energy, quickness of perception, clearness of speech, and happiness of expression, were invaluable in imparting his knowledge to others, which he did with an ease and attractiveness rarely equalled; and the order he preserved in the class-room was remarkable, and was attained without any apparent effort. He was also one of the most accessible of men, always ready to give help and advice to any one requiring it.
The great work of Dr. Aitken’s life was, however, much more closely connected with the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, where he held the appointment of chemist to the Society for a period of about twenty-seven years. I am indebted to Dr. Robert Shirra Gibb, one of the directors of the Society, and also a member of the Science Committee, for the following notes on Dr. Aitken’s connection with this Society and with agriculture generally. Dr. Andrew P. Aitken was appointed consulting chemist to the Society in 1877. His work, previous to that date, had been of such a kind as to indicate that he was the most suitable, in fact, the only suitable, candidate for the post then vacant. He had studied chemistry, from the agricultural point of view, both in Germany and in our own country; and had, at that early period, gained, in large degree, the confidence and regard of many of the more prominent farmers of that day, by whom he was being consulted on various matters of a chemical and botanical nature in connection with their farm operations.
Dec. 1904.] | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 51
When he entered on the work, under the science depart- ment of the Highland and Agricultural Society, he was already known to most of the members of that department ; and his genial kindly manner, his ready humour and witty asides, soon made him the fast friend of all; while his enthusiasm, power of work, and splendid capacity for organisation, carried the department forward till it was the leading Agricultural Experimenting Institution in this country. Many of the deductions from the experiments then conducted, as reported on by Dr. Aitken in the “Transactions” of the Highland and Agricultural Society, are monuments of his power of mastering detail, and his facility for racy, clear, and succinct expression. As chemist to the Society, he had the control of experimenting work undertaken by the Society, which took two forms—first, on stations farmed for the time by the Society; second, on plots on various farms all over the country, whenever farmers were willing to take the trouble to conduct experiments.
The first consisted of (a) a field at Harelaw, near Long- niddry, in East Lothian ; and (4) a field at Pumpherston, West Lothian. The former was soon given up, as the soil was found to be in too high a state of cultivation to give the minute results required. The Pumpherston station was kept on for seven years; and the reports of the cropping and manuring on that station are most interesting and instructive, aud are being corroborated every year by experiments in other parts, though they were then only partially understood, and were, from a scientific point of view, considerably in advance of the time. We have, however, travelled a good way since then. Many of Dr. Aitken’s conclusions at that time are being now paraded by other workers as the results of original investigation.
The second part of Dr. Aitken’s experimental work consisted in organising and reporting on the various experiments of a local character conducted all over the country from Caithness to Wigtownshire. These, up to the time of the doctor’s lamented death, numbered twenty-five (specially scheduled and detailed), besides numerous lesser experiments, and each was conducted by probably an average of twenty to thirty farmers, many of them being carried on for a series of years, entailing visits, weighings, reports, ete.
52 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [Sess. xxix.
The amount of work done in this connection alone was in every sense great; great in its inception, great in its execu- tion, and great in its results, which it is not yet possible to estimate. The more purely chemical portion of Dr. Aitken’s work for the Highland and Agricultural Society, and through it for the farmers of Scotland, presented one of its most useful features in the organisation of the work of local analytical associations. These were brought into touch with the Science Department of the Society by the giving of grants, in aid of analytical work done by them, on condition that it was reported to the Society’s chemist, to be tabulated and reported on by him.
Faulty manures and feeding-stuffs were specially inquired into; and when no adequate reason was assigned for a deficiency, the defaulter’s name and the circumstances of the case were published in the “ Transactions.” The result of this work was practically to banish fraud for a time out of the manure market; and was the cause, to a large extent, of inducing the Government to pass the Fertilizers and Feeding- Stufis Act. For the improvement of this Act, a Depart- mental Committee of the Board of Agriculture has been sitting, of which Dr. Aitken was a member. This committee has not yet reported; and the death of Dr. Aitken will be a serious loss to them, when they come to consider their report.
The publication of the names of parties selling deficient manures or feeding-stuffs was recognised by those in the trade who wished honest dealing as an excellent measure of protection tor them, and farmers recognised in Dr. Aitken the man who saved them from being defrauded in many ways. The confidence reposed in Dr. Aitken by the manure and feeding-stuff merchants was of a very cordial and enduring nature, and he was welcomed as an honest final arbitrator in many disputes; and to the end he had the assistance of the trade in annually drawing up a schedule of commercial values, called the ‘‘ Unit Schedule,’ which has been a great help to many a farmer in his purchases,
In 1878 an International Agricultural Congress was held in Paris. To thisa report was sent from the Highiand and Agricultural Society on the “ State of Agriculture in Scotland ” at the time. In this report Dr. Aitken contributed an article on the “ Application of Science to Agriculture.” The“ Trans-
Dec. 1904. | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 53
actions” of the Highland and Agricultural Society, from 1877 to the last volume, 1904, give evidence of the immense amount of work, and that of the most valuable kind, which Dr. Aitken was able to perform. No one required to point out work for him; he was continually on the lookout for some new field of operation and inquiry; and few inquiries of a scientific nature were conducted during the whole of that time without his being asked to aid in carrying them out. He wrote papers on various subjects, many of them new to the agricultural world, such as, “Ground Felspar Rock as a source of Potash,” “Fish Dried as a Fodder for Cattle,” ete.
One specially valuable inquiry was into the nature and feed- ing quality of various grasses; the nature of their growth— deep-rooting, or otherwise. This extended over some years, and was carried out in the most painstaking, thorough, and enlightened manner. For the last two years Dr. Aitken has written a summary of the results obtained from experiments carried out under the auspices of the agricultural colleges, and kindred institutions, throughout the country, and thus all the lessons of value from the experiments have been noted and put into such form as to be most easily referred to when wanted—a specially useful piece of work.
The loss the agricultural community of Scotland have sustained by the death of Dr. Aitken is not easily estimated, and will be felt for many a day yet to come. He rests from his labours, but his works do follow him. He is dead, but they live.
Mr. ALEXANDER Cowan read his report on the Scottish Alpine Club Botanical Excursion in 1904.
ScoTTISH ALPINE BoTanicaAL CLUB MEETING, 1904.
Messrs. W. B. Boyd, President; Rev. Dr. Paul, Vice President ; G. H. Potts; A. H. Evans ; Alex. Cowan, Honorary Secretary ; also Ll. J. Cocks and A. C. M. Bell, visitors.
The club met on Monday, July 11th, and travelled from the Waverley Station by the forenoon train to Beauly, and thence drove to the Glenaffaric Hotel, Cannich, which had been decided upon as the place of meeting; Mr. Boyd, President of the Club, having arranged with Mrs. Chisholm,
é
54 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [Sezss. usrx.
proprietor of the forests of Affaric and Benula, and through Messrs. Innes & Mackay, Inverness, with the shooting tenants, Sir Peter Walker and Captain Quintin Dick, for permission for the club to visit Mam Soul and the adjacent hills, for botanical purposes, not later than the second week of July. This stipulation necessitated the meeting being held at least a fortnight earlier than usual, which was probably an unsuitable date for most of the members; but the committee thought it well to take advantage of this opportunity of visiting a locality new to the club.
The road, after leaving the station at Beauly, followed the course of the river Beauly as far as Struy, after which it led up Strath Glass. The weather was very fine, and the drive was much enjoyed. Some of the gorges through which the river Beauly flows were much admired. Soon after leaving Beauly Station a large number of plants of Goodyera repens Were seen growing in a fir wood ; but, during the drive of seventeen miles to Cannich, no other plants of special interest were observed; but large quantities of ferns, and especially of the lemon-scented fern, Lastrea montana, were seen by the side of the road, in great luxuriance ; so that if the district was not to prove exceptionally rich in the rarer Alpines, there was evidence of abundant scope for the energies of those of the party interested in the varietal forms of British ferns. On arrival at the hotel, comfortable quarters were found by the members of the party.
As it had been arranged to visit Mam Soul on the following day, and as this entailed a drive of about twelve miles up Glenaffaric, a very early start was decided on, the members leaving the hotel in a brake soon after 6.30. The weather Was again very fine, and the drive up Glenaffaric much enjoyed. On arriving at Affaric Shooting Lodge, the party was met by Mr. Alexander Maclaren, head stalker, who had arranged to send two of his stalkers to act as guides, who were found of great assistance by the members. A path skirted the base of the mountain for about three miles before the ascent proper was begun. The ascent was greatly facilitated by a path used by stalkers, and up which the president rode on a pony to near the top of the mountain. During the day two golden eagles were seen, and a large number of deer. The following Alpine plants were found :—
Dec. 1904.] | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 55
Azalea procumbens, Athyrium alpestre, Allosorus crispus (at 3500 feet), Cerastium trigynum, Carex pulla, Carex vaginata, Carex rigida, Cornus suecica, Caltha palustris, Drosera anglica and rotundifolia, Epilobium alpinum, Epilobium alsinefolium, Gnaphalium supinum, Luzula areuata, Listera cordata, Oxyria reniformis, Ranunculus acris, Silene acaulis, Salix herbacea, Statice armeria, Solidago Virga-aurea; and two forms of Carex, one at least of which was new to the members, were found, in addition to the commoner Alpine plants. The day was clear; and a very fine view, indeed, of the hills on all sides, including Ben Nevis, was enjoyed by the party. The long descent to the shooting lodge, where the conveyance had been left, was found much more tiring than the ascent, and it was past nine o'clock in the evening before the party reached the hotel, having had a more than usually hard day’s outing. It was therefore decided that the following day, Wednesday, the 13th July, should be spent quietly in the neighbourhood of Cannich, where Pyrola minor, Drosera anglica, Carex curta, Lobelia Dortmanna, Nymphea alba (at over 1000 feet), Sibbuldia procumbens were found, in addition to which more than one plant of Lustrea montana, var. truncata, was found; also a plant of a very curious form of this fern, which has not yet received a distinguishing name.
On Thursday, July 14th, an early start was made by brake to Benula, fifteen miles distant, up Glen Cannich, in order to climb Scuir-na-Lapich ; and as part of the ascent led through the forest of Cozac, tenanted by Mr. J. Bradley Firth, leave was very kindly granted by this gentleman to visit his ground as well. The day was cool and well adapted for climbing; but, unfortunately, when nearing the top, it came on very misty and cold. The members were accom- panied by the head stalker of Benula forest, Mr. Donald Finlayson, and his brother, to both of whom the members are much indebted for their kind assistance during the day, and whose ponies were ridden by Messrs. Boyd and Potts over the most difficult part of the ascent. Not far from the top the members were fortunate enough to find Arcto- staphylos alpina. The following plants were also found :— Cornus suecica, Juncus trifidus, Solidago Virga-aurea, Cerastium trigynum, Saxifraga aizoides and hypnoides, Silene acaulis
56 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [Sess xrx.
with golden foliage, also two small Alpine forms of Hieracium ; and a plant of what is expected to prove a white flowered form of Azalea procumbens was found by Mr. Boyd. The summit of the mountain was clothed in thick mist, and no view whatever could be obtained from it. During the descent of the mountain a large snow-drift was met with in a corry; and near it, among rocks, great quantities of Lastrea dilatata, var. alpina, and Athyriwn alpestre were found in all the different stages of growth. One member of the party was fortunate enough to discover a crested form ot Athyrium alpestre, which fern had never previously been found; other than normal in outline, with the exception of var. flexile, of which a plant was also found in the same corry by another member of the party. The crested form above alluded to not only shows the cresting on the apex of every frond, but the pinne also show signs of developing crests; so that when the fern has grown to its full size—it being only a small specimen at present—it will no doubt prove a great acquisition. On reaching the stables at Cozac Shooting Lodge, where the conveyance had been left, the members were invited into the lodge, and were most hospit- ably entertained at tea by Mr J. Bradley Firth, the tenant of the forest. This kindness was very much appreciated after the cold day on the mountain, especially in view of the long drive home.
Friday, the 15th July, was again spent quietly in the neighbourhood of the hotel. Pyrola secunda was here found, also Genista anglica, as well as further plants of the truncate form of LZ. montana, the type of the latter fern being found in great numbers and luxuriance.
On Saturday, the 16th, the meeting broke up, the members making an early start, in order to catch the morning train back to Edinburgh, a most enjoyable week having been spent in a district which had never previously been visited by the club.
The PRESIDENT communicated a paper on the “ Brome- liacee,” with special reference to the water-carriage in certain forms. The paper was illustrated by lantern slides.
Dec. 1904.] BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 57
Gn the suggestion of the PRESIDENT, it was agreed that a definite statement of the discovery of Sagina Boydii be put on record in the “ Proceedings” of the Society.
Dr. BortHwick exhibited photographs of Prop-roots of Laburnum, of a peculiar Witches’ Broom on Pinus, and of an abnormal form of Pea.
Mr. J. RUTHERFORD HILL exhibited a branch of Hippophaé rhamnoides in fruit.
The Honorary ASSISTANT-SECRETARY showed certain plants from Dartmoor, and the fruit of Afzelia africana.
The cordial thanks of the Society were given to those who had contributed papers or exhibits.
4 i taht | |) a I Y eabi, | bk : iy ag Vhs I ; Bits | ne my : i? Or * 0 sy ¥ aa HGGt WEP HI 0) uf Piri ete iu
= 3
, if = San : “a e ss a y « 4 i] ‘
Jan. 1905.) | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 59
MEETING OF THE SOCIETY, Thursday, January 12, 1905. Professor I. Baytey Batrour, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The following candidates were proposed as Resident Fellows :— Epuarp Essgp, Esq., 16 Johnstone Terrace, Edinburgh. Proposed by W. W. Situ, M.A., seconded by A. W. BortHwIck, D.Se. A. J. Ross, Esg., M.A., B.Sc. 177 Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh. Proposed by Professor BAYLEY BALFOUR, F.RS., seconded by W. W. Smiru, M.A. LronarpD C. Scort, Esq., 6 Leopold Place, Edinburgh. Proposed by W. W. Smiru, M.A., seconded by A. W. BortHuwick, D.Sc. And as a Non-Resident Fellow :— The Rev. J. J. MarsHaLtL Lana AIKEN, B.D., The Manse, Ayton, Berwickshire. Proposed by W. B, Boyp, Esq., seconded by Dr. Wm. Craic. A. C. M. Bet, Esq., W.S., was balloted for and duly elected.
The TREASURER, RopERT Brown, Esq., C.A., submitted the following Statement of Accounts for the Session 1903- 1904 :—
INCOME. Annual Subscriptions, 1903-1904 ; 55 at 15s. . A ; £41 -5° 0 Do. 1902-1908 ; lat 15s. . ; : 015 0 Contribution as Non-Resident Fellow . : : . 3.3 0 Fee for Diploma . 5 : : ‘ ; ; : O77 pO Transactions sold. ‘ : : : . : ; Zip O Subscriptions to Illustration Fund . 5 , : ; LO Interest on Deposits in Bank . , : : : : aa £60 3 2 Balance—Being Excess of Expenditure over Income, . 2115 6 £81 18 8
60 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [Sess Lxx.
EXPENDITURE.
Printing (including Transactions for Session 1902-1903,
£56, 6s. 0d.) . : : : : : ; if fieelee-o Rooms for Meetings, Tea, etc. . : : ; : : 4°76 Stationery, Postages, Carriages, etc. Ler oto Fire Insurance on Books, ete. . : : : : : OF 0 £8118 8
State oF Funps. Amount of Funds at close of Session 1902-1903. . £12910 2 Deduct—Decrease during Session 1903-1904, as above 2115 6
Amount of Funds at close of Session 1903-1904, subject to expense of printing Transactions for Session 1903-1904 : 5 - - 5 : : . wplopae 3 Being :—Sum in Current Account with Union Bank of Scotland, Ltd. . £48 9 5 Do, on Deposit with Union Bank
of Scotland, Ltd. : : 2° N22
Due by Treasurer ; : 2 6 9) 10
S171 ee
Less sums outstanding. : 69 11 9 As above ——-——— £107 14 8
Note.—Subscriptions in arrear, 1903-1904, £7, 10s,
EDINBURGH, 3rd January 1905.—I hereby certify that I have audited the Accounts of the Treasurer of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh for Session 1903-1904, and have found them correct. I have also checked the foregoing Abstract, and find it correct.
Rost. C. Mituar, C.A., Auditor.
The abstract shows a deficit on the year’s working. This was attributed to the expense of the Transactions. The delay in publication was another factor tending to irregularity in subscriptions, and a probable cause of fall in income. It was agreed that the whole matter be referred to the Council for careful consideration.
On the motion of the PRESIDENT, the Accounts were accepted, and the cordial thanks of the Society given to the TREASURER, and to the AupiTOR, R. C. MiLuar, Esgq., C.A.
A paper by L. J. Cocks, Esq., on the “ Mosses and Hepatics collected during Excursion of Scottish Alpine Botanical Club
Jan, 1905.] | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 61
in 1904,” was communicated by ALEX. Cowan, Esq. The species were enumerated, and contained several new records for the vice-counties concerned.
NoTES ON THE Mosses AND Hepatics. By L. J. Cocks.
The hills investigated proved to be comparatively poor in mosses. Mam Soul in particular, on account of the dry nature of its surface, was disappointing, the scarcity of hygrophilous species being very noticeable. The most note- worthy plants obtained were as follows :—
Polytrichwm sexangulare, Florke. Summit of Mam Soul (38800 ft.).
Campylopus Schimpert, Milde. Mam SoulandScournaLappaich. Dicranum Starkez, W. and M. =
% molle, Wils. Scour na Lappaich.
asperulum, Mitt. 93
Grimmia Mithlenbeckvi, Schimp. Glen Affric. Aulacomnium turgidum, Schwaeg. Scour na Lappaich.
The only Scottish localities from which this plant is already recorded are in Perthshire. Conostomum boreale, Swartz. Mam Soul. Philonotis adpressa, Ferg. Webera albicans, var. glacialis, Schimp. Hypnum hamuloswm. » callichroum.
?
”
In the hepaticee I am able to report better results. The total number of species collected is 35, of which 18 are new vice-county records, viz., 9 for v.-c. 96 (Easterness), and 9 for v.-c. 106 (East Ross).
The best ground was undoubtedly the fine south-east corrie of Scour na Lappaich. The snow was still covering a large part of this, and I have little doubt that under other conditions and with longer time for investigation still better results might be obtained.
I have submitted all the hepatics gathered to Mr. Symers M. Maevicar, and think the list as revised by him is of sufficient interest to be given in full, as, so far as I can find, no previous records from these localities exist.
* Metzgeria conjugata, Lindb.
» pubescens, Schrank. *+Pallavicinia Blyttii, Morck. Mam Soul and Scour na Lappaich. +Gymnomitrium concinnatum, Light, var. intermediwm, Limpr. Sour na Lappaich.
62 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [Sess. rxrx.
lage age obtusum, Lindb. Mam Soul. varvans, Lindb. (Cesta conferta, Limpr. ) Mam Soul. * Marsupella erythrorhiza, Limpr. Mam Soul. +
emarginata, Ehrh, i aquatica, Lindenb. *Nardia compressa, Hook. » scalaris, Schrad, * Aplozia spherocarpa, Hook. tAnastrophyllum Donianum, Hook. Lophozxwa Lyoni, Tayl.
”
tes lycopodioides, Wall. Scour na Lappaich. a Floerkii, Web. and Mohr. +Anastrepta orcadensis, Hook. Scour na Lappaich.
* Plagiochila spinulosa, Dicks. os asplenioides, L., var.
major, Nees. Mylia Taylori, Hook. +Harpanthus Flotowianus, Nees. Scour na Lappaich. Cephalozia bicuspidata, L. Bazzania trierenata, Wahl. +Pleuroclada albescens, Hook, Scour na Lappaich. Blepharostoma tricophyllum, L. Anthelia julacea, L. Ptilidium ciliare, L. Diplophyllum albicans, L. u taxifolium, Wahl.
Pb)
*Scapania nimbosa, Tay]. Mam Soul. i; ornithopodiodes, With. Scour na Lappaich. <5 purpurascens, Hook. - paludosa, C. Mill. Scour na Lappaich, at about 3000 ft.
gracilis, Lindb. (8S.
resupinata, Carr.) curta, Mart.
NBe ” Plants marked * are now first noted for v.-c. 96, and those marked + for v.-c. 106.
Pallavicinia blyttii grew plentifully in the corrie of Scour na Lappaich above referred to, on slopes where the snow had recently melted, and in small quantity on the summit of Mam Soul among Polytrichum sexangulare.
Scapania nimbosa, of which only a few stems were found (ancnugst Hylocomium loreum, Rhacomitrium lanugimosum, and other mosses) on a rock by a stream which runs down from Mam Soul to Glen Affric, had only been known to occur at one spot in Ireland (Brandon Mountain, Co. Kerry), where it was discovered by Dr. Taylor in 1813, until in 1898 Mr. S. M. Maevicar gathered it at Moidart, West Inverness. It has also been found on Ben Laoigh, Perthshire. (See “Hepaticee of the Breadalbane Range,” by P. Ewing, in “ Annals of Scottish Natural History,” Oct. 1903.)
Jan. 1905.] | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 63
PERICLES JOANNIDES, Esq., and Dr. R. Stewarr Mac- DouGALL contributed a note on Puceinia graminis. From his own observations on the disease in Egypt, Mr. Joannides gave several instances of the continued existence of the Puccinia during several years without the usual presence in the life-cycle of the teleutospore condition and consequent eecidium stage on the barberry.
NOTES ON PUCCINIA GRAMINIS. By P. JOANNIDES.
The rust of wheat—this well known and much dreaded pest, so destructive to the wheat crops of all the wheat- growing countries of the world—is caused by the parasitic fungus Puccinia graminis, which belongs to the order Uredinee. Of this family almost 2000 species have been described ; they are parasitic between the cells of the host. This fungus, like some others of its allies, is extremely interesting as affording an example of hetercecism, 7.c. it appears in one or more forms on one host, and deserting this host it appears in other forms on another and not related host. The two hosts are the wheat-plant and the barberry.
The vegetative portion of the fungus is not visible to the naked eye— the mycelium ramifying through the intercellular spaces of the affected parts of the host plant, and also sending out haustoria into the substance of the cells. When maturity is reached, spores are produced, which, bursting through the epidermis of the host, give rise to the rusty appearance so characteristic of these fungi.
This fungus produces several kinds of spores.
The teleutospores produced on wheat late in the summer are invested with a thick wall, and are dormant spores serving to tide the fungus over the winter. When weather permits, early in the spring these spores germinate, forming what is often called a promycelium, which gives rise to sporidia. It is believed that these sporidia cannot infect a wheat-plant, but that the barberry is necessary as the next host.
The mycelium in the barberry gives rise to two sets of structures—spermogonia on the upper surface and ecidia on the lower. The flask-shaped bodies on the upper surface of the barberry leaf produce a great number of so-called
64 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [Szss. uxrx.
spermatia—whose destiny is unknown, although artificially they have been made to germinate.
Bright red patches begin to show on the under side of the leaves. These are cup-like fructifications known as “cluster cups,” or ecidia. By the rupture of the epidermis the ecidiospores escape, and being carried to the leaf of a wheat or rye plant, germinate, giving rise to a mycelium which lives inside the wheat-leaf. The mycelium in the grass develops still another kind of spore—the uredospore. These, owing to their colour, give, when they break through the epidermis, a rusty colour to the grass. It is essential now to mark that these uredospores, if carried to wheat and other grasses, are capable of germination on these—that is, they are capable of giving rise to the same form of the disease as that which produced them. Uredospores thus serve to spread rapidly the disease, and they keep on being produced until a sudden check is brought about by the first signs of the approaching winter. This factor of temperature, with its relation to physiological drought, is interesting and noteworthy. Towards the end of the summer, then, the mycelium on the wheat, ceasing to produce uredospores, gives rise instead to dark thick-walled double-headed teleutospores in the form of which the fungus, as we have already seen, has the power of hibernating.
Assuming that the weather keeps on being genial, or at least the winter be not so cold as in Britain, and all the other environmental conditions remain the same, is it not possible that the uredospores may continue the life-history of the pest on wheat and other grasses without the production of teleutospores and the intervention of the second and different host #
The fact that in some warm countries the disease tlourishes in spite of the absence of the barberry plant, first prompted me to make a series of field observations with the intention of by-and-by carrying out further and more elaborate experiments to test the theory that in warm climates, if the winter be sutticiently mild, it is possible that the fungus can go on perpetuating itself on the wheat and allied grasses without the need of an intermediate host.
During the interval ot four years the following observa- tions were made in wheat fields situated in various parts
27r
Jan. 1905. ] BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 6
of Egypt, and which at one time or another were affected by rust.
1. In the country of Behera noteworthy observations were made in two fields.
(a) A field in the vicinity of Alexandria. Sheltered. Wheat was grown during the years 1897, 1899 and 1900, and suffered from rust all round.
(0) A large field near Abouhommos.
After a mild winter with occasional winds during the winter 1896-97, the attack of rust was general. Grasses and plants of wheat growing in sheltered canals and drains showed the uredospore stage in winter time. During the years 1898-99, winters being severe and the field exposed, rust did make its presence in the wheat crops in spring, but it was of a weak nature and seemed unable to cause any damage, notwithstanding the fact that later in the season the conditions were very favourable. But it seemed as if two successive cold winters had entirely exhausted the fungus. On careful examination in the canals, drains, and all sheltered spots, no uredospores could be found in the winter as during 1896-7.
2. Several observations made in various fields in the north- eastern portion of the delta, showed that rust affected certain fields year after year, and uredospores were common in winter.
In this part of the country the minimum temperature seldom if ever falls very low, the climate being on the whole damp and genial. Strong northerly and westerly winds often sweep over the country, but these do not materially affect the fungus; on the contrary, they help, if anything, to spread it.
3. In Simbellawen, two fields, which after the mild winter of 1896-97 were heavily damaged by rust, were almost entirely free from the pest in 1899, and particularly the less sheltered one.
4. In Hehya a field was infested with rust during the season of 1897, the disease never being noticed again in that tield. The field was a good one, exposed, highly situated, and well drained. It belonged to a native, who took no measures whatever to combat the disease after it made its appearance in 1897.
5. In the neighbourhood of Zagazig a field was found to
TRANS. BOT. SOC. EDIN. VOL. XXIII. 5
66 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [Sess. uxIx.
suffer severely year after year, the land being under a two- course rotation—wheat being one of the two crops grown annually, The field was low-lying, well sheltered, and badly drained. After a spell of very cold weather in the year 1899, on examination uredospores were found in plenty.
6. In a rust-infested field near Shebin el Kanater, after a spell of keen frost during January 1898, only teleutospores could be found. The following year the wheat crop was almost free from rust.
7. A field near Galiub in 1897 was badly infested. After the cold winter of 1898-99 the crop suffered but little.
8, Near the Barrage, Cairo, three fields were badly infested with rust during 1897-98. After the cold weather of the two following winters the wheat crops suffered just as much. Barberry plants were found cultivated in a neighbouring garden, and this may account for the flourishing condition of the pest.
9, In Bulag-el-Dakrur :—
(a) One well-sheltered field showed rust (uredo stage) in the middle of winter during the year 1899—a year hardly a favourable one to the fungus. The crop was an exceptionally early one.
(6) Another field, not a mile distant from the former, though it did suffer with rust during 1897, was quite free from rust during the two following seasons. The disappearance of the disease cannot be accounted for unless it was due to the severity of the weather. During these two winters the potato crops had been completely destroyed by a several-nights’ frost.
10, In the Ghizeh province five observations were made.
During 1897 all five fields suffered heavily. |
In 1898, after a dry, cold winter, two fields particularly exposed were practically free from rust,
During 1899-1900, after an exceptionally cold winter, one of the most exposed fields was found to be suffering badly with ‘rust in the spring, the others being practically free, This was the only contradictory observation I made, and infection in this case may have been brought about by seed.
11. A sheltered field of wheat in Matarieh during the cold winter 1899-1900, on ‘examination proved to be suffering
Jan. 1905.] BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 67
with rust, Both uredospores and teleutospores were found on the wheat plants.
In all the above places I failed to find any plant, allied to the barberry or not, which might play the role of the inter- mediate host, A®cidiospores, it is true, may be carried from Southern Europe by the prevalent northerly winds, but nearly all my observations go to show that the wind after all is not so responsible—at least where long distances over sea are concerned—for the spread of the disease as it was once supposed to be the case,
For if the spread of the rust on wheat is mainly due to eecidiospores brought by the wind, severe cold should not tend to reduce the spread and activity of the fungus, And yet this is the case—for cold, as we have seen, not only checks, but in many instances even tends to exterminate, the disease,
The life-history of this dreaded fungus is undoubtedly wrapped up in mystery as yet, and affords a field for further investigation and research. Until we succeed in solving the question and becoming fully acquainted with the nature, mode of attack, and life-history in general of the fungus, we cannot possibly hope to find the necessary measures for com- bating successfully the disease.
The PRESIDENT rea‘l a paper on “ Physiological Drought as a principle in Gardening.” By means of actual plants and of a series of lantern slides, he illustrated the important part water plays in plant life and structure, and more particularly pointed out that in the treatment of many garden plants the question of physiological drought was of the greatest importance.
Mr. Ropert ADAM contributed an interesting series of slides of British Plants in Nature, and Dr. BORTHWICK, a further series of Fungi in their natural habitat.
4
va cre SF ina virinen 7) Uhr, PO
rh hiro Miter eomgr ou lo) oly FegoRohet ie
‘ ll a OF bai. Aten wich eth hate sit, Srod com eel hy oll hl Wao ulsshtegs' ‘gid: Rk tet heitein. mcd Fale (poate Sgt ED) dhol : Sid abated oie calgon Hal alts finde oilt rah ae sl ate eae fae sown verde}: polt teal she od hh Y y Betivsaw st xa aanostly, ae Pane a(t tat Sanaag Pari) uh a. oo sule-viniom 4 eee tins “nig TA hapage # aan jon hidude does se aes dat hig iow nade aa" edd, TO ee pete ms pet
ey
¥itfe-tou SES PE Oe nou Pile v
; . t ah ieak a wer Gai! C00 RS Oe BE TE VeieaoT tenants Ea i te ae v $ . in
Vihev tueduiure at aril botnet) «hth do + Pa ‘ yee ee wal 2 Be) | liobbigtaahieia Yi ws, ee ee } 4 “ r ™ : : ons yi Oe ae hoo. Wie avs Leas OSL
a i t ‘ Pe =
ainith adteaiiow hots iit aw .acnitot te ate lorsioe a) 1oteh} ope
-fine sot Joniaboas yrnmenel alt hath at ie
andi) finfootoiie tl ™ rolreieqal hae tuys ehistg iat Yer Peon Ye ef) * geil
drag ot (fated rate ada (0/1 of 2a yliakii rea meee bite eae serene Burin, it silt #toak? wale ESC lo snauntha al uw Oulart volgen age
4 rh
aad HOT oil os
. ™
toad. waiteorated” noe Dehidtivon eae ai any! amrvaegh att BNE wry rie iE vail WJ iat tel Ry b tiniaai, “ighy iti yaar Mi
e = ~ ‘jal é ' ‘ a w = ’ i. f i A » é a 7 a@ a
Fes. 1905. | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 69
MEETING OF THE SOCIETY, Thursday, February 9, 1905. Professor I. BayLey Batrour, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
PERICLES JOANNIDES, Esq., 81 Gilmore Place, Edinburgh, was proposed as a Resident Fellow of the Society by Dr. Rh. STEWART MacDouGALt, and seconded by W. W. Smrru, M.A.
_ The following candidates were balloted for and duly elected Resident Fellows of the Society :-— -_Epuarp Essep, Esq. A. J. Ross, Esq., M.A., B.Se. LEONARD C. Scort, Esq. As a Non-Resident Fellow :— The Rev. J. J. MARSHALL LANG AIKEN, B.D.
Professor JAMES W. H. TRAIL, F.R.S., as retiring President, gave a valedictory address on “ Herbaria and Biology.” In his paper Professor Trail supported strongly the making of Herbaria and local lists—he considered them of very great value for teaching purposes, and dissented entirely from the views expressed at the Southport meeting of the British Association upon their value. The President subsequently spoke in support of Professor Trail’s view. The cordial thanks of the Society were given to Professor Trail for his interesting address.
HERBARIA AND BIOLOGY.
The British Association Report of the meeting at South- port (1903, pp. 420-429), in the Report of the Committee on “The Teaching of Botany in Schools,” gives an instructive example of the swing of the pendulum in science, as in other fields of human progress, from one extreme towards the opposite. In this document is much with which we must heartily agree, especially those who have. as students and as teachers of botany, learned from experience that plants must be studied as living things; that personal investigation alone can gain a knowledge worth acquiring; that a too
70 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [Szss. ixix.
copious vocabulary of technical terms is a dead weight on true progress; that questions of priority of nomenclature are unsuitable to all but a few advanced students; that problems of synonymy are, let us hope, an incumbrance of only a temporary stage of the science; and, above all, that the acquisition by a student of a love for the study and of the habit of investigation is worth far more than a knowledge, however extensive, gathered only from the work of others. Not less fully must we agree that the aims of botanical instruction formerly were far too limited, and that a living interest has been brought in by the discoveries of Charles Darwin and others, who have opened up new aspects of the science, and have widened our conceptions of it. The complaint that the nutrition of green plants was long almost ignored in courses of instruction has too much truth in it. But, while there is much in the report with which we can fully agree, opinions are expressed that might have been more happily stated, and that appear to be liable to mis- interpretations of an unfortunate kind, and that, apparently authorised by botanists of so deservedly high repute, might have very unfortunate results. The following quotations from the report show its attitude with regard to herbaria and, incidentally, to museums and local lists of plants :—
“Students of botany have been encouraged to spend most of their time upon the characters by which the British flowering plants are distinguished from one another, the ultimate purpose being apparently a more perfect knowledge of their distribution within these islands. The scientific product of local lists has by no means justified the time and labour bestowed upon them, and their educational effect has been depressing instead of stimulating.”
“Tt is a mark of the present immaturity of the Nature Knowledge movement that whenever a fresh attempt is made to stimulate the teacher, it is accompanied by a great display of dried plants, diagrams, lantern slides, models, slices of useful woods, lists of species observed, with their dates, and maps of distribution. All these are dead products, and only indicate that some one has been taking pains. Those teachers who fix their attention upon the living plant and its activities will have little need of bought appliances.”
“ We have a poor opinion of drying plants as an incentive
Fes. 1905. | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 71
to the study of botany. The dried plant is an inadequate substitute for the living and growing plant, and finds its principal use in the authentication of botanical discoveries made in distant lands. The habit of collecting plants for the herbarium may be hostile to the close study of the environment, and confirm the pernicious belief that the thing of chief importance is to be able to name a plant as soon as you see it. One lamentable result of that rapacity of collectors is that our native flora has become sensibly impoverished of late years. There is little gain to science by way of compensation, Amateur herbarium botanists have not, in our own time and country, done much to solve important questions of any kind; and they often propagate the misleading notion that rare species are better worth attention than common ones. The rarity of a plant is a reason, not for gathering a flower and drying it, but for letting it alone, unless, indeed, you can accomplish some important and unselfish purpose only by its sacrifice.”
“Tn our opinion, both herbaria and museums are indispens- able to scientific progress. They have their uses even to children, and many naturalists have begun by collecting. But there are things more advantageous and more appropriate to the first stage of botanical study than the accumulation of a pile of wild-flowers, dried and named. School collections, illustrating the dispersal of fruits and seeds, the shapes of leaves in connection with bud folding and exposure of the largest possible surface to light, resistance to drought or cold, ete., may be made to gratify the collecting instinct in a harmless way, and at the same time to promote definite inquiries. It is the mechanical habit of collecting for selfish ends, and without any scientific purpose, that we wish to discourage.”
The last of the paragraphs quoted should probably be accepted as the committee’s estimate of the true value of herbaria and museums, inserted to prevent the view that herbaria, and to a less extent museums, are of little if of any value—a view that might be held as advocated in the previous pages of the report. But, even thus safeguarded, the whole report is an indictment of the investigation of local floras and of the formation of private or other small herbaria, and may readily be interpreted as a condemnation
72 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [Ssss. Lxix-
of the time and labour spent on these as useless, if not worse. It assumes an antithesis between such collections and the biological study of plants.
An opinion so expressed, the judgment of a committee of botanists themselves in the front rank of investigators in the science, might well be regarded as decisive ; and, in face of it, to speak of herbaria and local lists along with biology, might almost be regarded as quixotic or due to ignorance or prejudice. Yet I venture to hold that the preparation of herbaria and of local lists affords opportunities to do really excellent biological work; and that to undervalue, still more to give up, such work is to cut oneself off from an important and valuable means of botanical training and investigation. Botanists in the past gave too little heed to plants as living things, and valued too highly the ability to describe specimens in technical language and to name them fluently, as if that ability comprised the science, and botany suffered in consequence. But that should be a warning of the evil that must result from the failure to recognise that botany requires the services of many workers, and is built up of the results acquired along varied paths of investigation. All must ultimately suffer if any one part is undervalued and disparaged ; and at present there appears to be a considerable danger of the worth and true place of systematic and descriptive botany being overlooked in the reaction from the former tendency to regard them as almost alone worth study. My concern at present, however, is not to defend what will continue to be regarded as an essentially valuable part of botany, but to discuss for a little the place and worth of herbaria, and how they can be made most useful aids in the study of plants as living things.
The views expressed by the committee appear to be based upon the estimate expressed in the words that a herbarium “finds its principal use in the authentication of botanical discoveries made in distant lands”; and this is supported by the following statements: “The habit of collecting plants for the herbarium may be hostile to the close study of the environment, and confirm the pernicious belief that the thing of chief importance is to be able to name a plant as soon as you see it.” “But there are things more advantageous and more appropriate to the first stage of botanical study than the
Fes. 1905. | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 73
accumulation of a pile of wild-flowers, dried and named.” “It is the mechanical habit of collecting for selfish ends, and Without any scientific purpose, that we wish to discourage.”
From these and other passages in the report may be gathered the committee’s conception of herbaria; and in that conception there is little to commend them to favour or to justify the belief that they can be of real service as aids in the study of plants.
But is this conception fair or right? Is it wise thus to limit the objects aimed at in the formation of a herbarium, and to discourage what has been found so helpful in the past? Has the herbarium ceased to deserve the high place assigned to it by Linneus in the words, “ Herbarium prestat omni Icone, necessarium omni Botanico”? Or may it not become useful in education and in research in a degree far beyond that attained in either. public or private herbaria ? Is there a natural antagonism between the study of plants as living things and the formation of a herbarium? May not the herbarium and the biological studies be found to assist eich other in a most helpful way? I believe that they can and should be so related ; and that it wouid be little less than a disaster to botanical investigation were the view to be accepted that the formation of herbaria is opposed in any respect to biological investigation, or to the true aims of botanical research. Herbaria are still necessary to every botanist—to the biologist not less than to the systematist. The question to be answered is not ‘“‘ Are herbaria a waste of time and labour—incumbrances to be thrown aside?” but “ How can herbaria be made most useful to botanical progress ?” To answer the latter question aright it is clearly needful to consider what should be the aim or aims in forming one; what it should illustrate; what it should contain; what methods of procuring and of preparing its contents are necessary or desirable; and what expenditure of time, labour, and material resources will probably be required to secure some fair measure of success. If the aim is merely to accumulate “a pile of wild-flowers, dried and named,” especially of rare species or varieties, for the mere love of possession, without ulterior thought of information to be gained from them, the gain to science is w7/, and there may have been harm done by the collecting of rare forms; but
74 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [Szss, rxix.
the collector cannot be held (even in this, the least worthy type of collecting) to have wasted time and labour uselessly. The habits of observation, and the familiarity with plants in their habitat, required to permit of forming a herbarium, have stimulated powers that will remain a real gain even to those that never advance the progress of botany as a science.
The formation of a herbarium, while travelling in some country very imperfectly explored, if at all previously, may have to be so restricted as to serve only “in the authen- tication of botanical discoveries made in distant lands.” But such a herbarium (though all that the circumstances will permit to be formed, and though far more worthy in its motive than the first mentioned) is yet far from fulfilling the ideals that should be kept in view in the formation of one where conditions permit of expressing that ideal in actual practice, however imperfectly.
For a number of years the potential value of herbaria has appeared to me to surpass the actual value of any example known to me; and the desire to gain a clearer conception of what to aim at in forming a herbarium has been much with me, and has aided me greatly in gaining a knowledge of the plants themselves. I can with confidence say that my experience appears to have been very different from that of the authors of the report quoted above. Both the pre- paration of local lists and the selection and preservation of plants to build up a herbarium have brought to me a keener interest in the study of living plants in their natural environments, and a quickened power of observation, that have added greatly to the pleasure and profitof the stwly to myself, and have made me more able to help my students. The experience of one may, and probably will, be that of others ; and in the hope of helping others, I venture to state my views regarding herbaria and their relations to biology.
Why should herbaria be formed ?—Al\though “the dried plant is an inadequate substitute for the living and growing plant” in botanical education, it does not follow that a herbarium is useless to the teacher and pupils, or that a most valuable appliance should be discarded because it may be improperly used. No experienced teacher will resort to dried plants when living examples can be obtained for use by the pupils. But it is often desirable to add to the in-
Fes. 1905. | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 75
formation obtainable from the living specimens by reference to structures not present in the particular stage of growth (e.g. fruits, seedlings), or to compare with the living plants the corresponding parts of plants of the same species grown in different environments, or of allied species, or of plants of other kinships, but of very similar aspect. Thus, to both teacher and pupil the herbarium becomes a most useful sup- plement to the living plants. Further, the herbarium becomes a very valuable biological record when it contains series of specimens that illustrate, in a far more trustworthy way than descriptions and figures alone could, the progress of continued experiments and observations on the interactions of plants among themselves, and as affected by their environments. From such carefully prepared and preserved records much information may be expected with regard to the evolution of the various forms of plants. The practical value of such knowledge in agriculture, gardening, and forestry is self- evident.
Akin to such investigations, though regarded from another standpoint, is the endeavour to appreciate the effects produced by man upon the flora of a country, and for this also a herbarium is of very great value. It is true that the greed of mere collectors has endangered the survival, or even has led to the local extinction of a few rare or very local plants ; but local rarity or extinction has been caused far more often by man in other and less evident ways, of which frequently no record survives, or, if it does, it is due to the local lists or the local herbarium, which fill a useful, if relatively incon- spicuous place in botanical research. How great the changes due to man have been in local floras can scarcely be realised even after diligent investigation; but their interest and importance render them worthy of study.
Still another reason for the formation of a herbarium has been already alluded to. It is that (except where under- taken wholly to gratify the mere desire of collecting for the sake of possession) it affords a useful training to the person who forms it.
That a herbarium “ finds its principal use in the authentica- tion of botanical discoveries made in distant lands” is a statement based on a singularly narrow view of its true value in botanical education and research.
76 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [Szss. uxix.
What should a herbarium contain ?—Dried specimens must be found in the herbarium; and it is sometimes assumed that they alone form it; but to be of full value it must include much besides dried plants. The answers to the question must depend very largely upon the objects that herbaria are intended to serve. To a certain extent, all have a few characteristics in common; but special characteristics dis- tinguish various types among them, and require different methods of treatment. Common to all are the features that the specimens should have been selected to illustrate the points specially desired; that they should be carefully preserved, retaining form and colour as far as possible; that they should be accompanied on the sheets by drawings and descriptions of characters that are lost in the dried specimens, or are hard to be made out from them; and that their arrangement should render access to them easy.
The differential features of herbaria will depend on the special aim in view in the formation of each. . Many specialised types may be found useful, differing greatly among themselves and from the ideal or generalised type, which, to a certain extent, includes features of all the specialised types, omitting other features. A few examples of limited herbaria may be indicated. Some of them are of great use in educational work. The aim in some is to illustrate structure (of stems, roots, leaves, stipules, fruits, etc.) ; in others, function (means of climbing, organs of defence, of nutrition, methods of pollination, of distribution, of reproduction, etc.); in others, diseases or injuries and their causes, whether physical or living; in others, the uses of plants to man (yielding foods, fibres, medicines, etc.); in others, the results of variations in environment, natural or experimental; in others, to illustrate groupings by habitat, or by geographical or other data. These and very many other motives may give origin to collections relativeiy small, but most valuable as aids to students, and not less so to biological research. Of each the value is chiefly dependent on the intelligence and care exercised in the selection and’ preservation of specimens, and on the fulness and clearness of the explanations and drawings that accompany these specimens. Such a herbarium should be noteworthy for’ thoroughness of execution rather than for its extent.
Fes. 1905. ] BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 77
Each specialised herbarium should have an underlying aim or idea which it is designed to illustrate, and to which other considerations should be subordinate. Thus they can readily be combined into larger collections to any extent, and both usefully and advantageously. But their value lies in the merit of the conception that guides the formation of each, and in the care exercised in giving material form to the guiding idea. Thus, if it is desired to illustrate the principles of classification, a large collection of plants, merely dried and mounted, will be far less useful than fifty or a hundred species carefully selected for the purpose, illustrated with preparations of the various parts in so far as they can be shown in the dried state, supplemented by drawing of obscure features, and by descriptions or notes calling attention to the characters distinctive of the grades in classification, and of those that are merely based on resemblances and do not indicate kinship of species. For the purposes of such herbaria, common plants, as affording abundant material from which to select the most suitable, are to be preferred to rare species, in all but the few cases where the latter supply Luks that have ceased to exist elsewhere.
Let us now turn for a little to the type of herbarium that more nearly corresponds to the generally accepted meaning of the word, and clearly that intended by the committee of the British Association in its estimate of the chief value of a herbarium. It consists of a more or less extensive collection of dried plants, the work of its owner (to whom if may possess a very special value as recalling pleasant holidays or well-spent efforts), or built up by the labours of many workers, and brought together from many lands. The value to botanical research of the great national herbaria, and of many private ones, is recognised by every botanist. The loss to science would be very great were any one of these great herbaria destroyed; and their preservation is looked on as a public duty. They have been indispensable in the advance of botanical research, and contain materials for long-continued investigations into geographical distribu- tion and systematic botany. But their very extent and resources make it impossible for individual botanists to hope to rival the great herbaria in these fields, or to pursue these studies at a distance from such collections. A_ botanist
78 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ([Szss. Larx/
confined to any part of the British Islands, or, indeed, to almost any part of Europe, has little prospect nowadays of discovering additions to the genuine native flora of the country, and still less of finding a species not previously known. Yet a herbarium, to illustrate the existing flora of the region, is likely to be of both interest and real value, if the specimens are authenticated with information of locality and date of collection, nature of habitat, relation to man (introduced, favoured or threatened by him), and relative frequency. Such herbaria afford records of great service for comparison with the flora of the same area in later years. All the more is this the case where human industry is rapidly changing the environment, both physical and organic, new plants, and occasionally new animals, being introduced by accident or intentionally, and greatly affecting the chances of success or failure of the native flora.
Such a herbarium faithfully representative of the flora of a limited area is of more real worth than one composed of rare species, and is seldom liable to the charge of endangering the existence of rare species.
But do even the largest and best of existing herbaria fulfil all that might be desired of them? The answer can scarcely be in the affirmative. Indeed, it is not possible for them to: be built up on a single ideal, composed as they are of the gatherings of many hands, in every part of the world, often brought together in great difficulties, when no choice of materials could be exercised. The great herbaria must contain much that is too precious to be thrown away, but that does not fit into any scheme of selection. In private herbaria, and in the smaller public ones, a definite plan should guide the selection and treatment of their contents, that plan differing according to whether the collection is to. be representative of a geographical district or of a larger or smaller group of plants. Within the limits determined it should be as nearly perfect as it can be made; that is, it should supply all the information that it is possible to bring within these limits. Reduced to definite terms this means_ that the aim should be to give in the herbarium, in so far as the conditions allow, a full and true representation of the life-history of each species contained in it. A few species so treated, and gradually added to as occasion allows, will be_
Fes, 1905. | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 79
found of far greater interest than a large number of specimens collected because of their rarity. Indeed, the chief value of the latter type of herbarium is merely to authenticate the fact that certain species have been found within a given area, while it is lable to the charge of tending to the extinction of rare species.
But where the aim is to illustrate life-histories well the commoner species are to be preferred, inasmuch as they afford an abundant supply of material, often in varied environments. It is difficult to conceive of work more likely than the formation of a life-history herbarium to suggest, problems of vital importance in the investigation of plants as living beings, and to throw light on these problems and on the relations of plants to their physical environments and to other organisms as friends or as foes.
It may be asked what a representation of a species such as is here advocated means, Briefly it may be expressed as all that can throw light on the species, from the origin of the individual until its decay, its morphology and internal structure, its nutrition, the adaptations by which it gains advantages or defends itself from injury in its struggle for existence, the dangers that it encounters, the injuries it suffers, the methods of multiplication or reproduction by which the species, as distinct from the individual, is preserved and enabled to hold its place or to spread more widely its reactions to changed environments, its tendencies to variation, its relationships with other plants, either of kinship or of mere resemblance, the associates it prefers, the partnerships it may form, the species it shuns, its relations with man, and other points of view that it would be tedious to enumerate.
One or two concrete examples may help to make clearer this conception of a herbarium, It matters little which plants are selected for exposition, each requiring to be considered by itself, and treated so as to bring out its salient features, Charlock (Brassica Sinapistrwm) may be taken as an example. The development of the embryo during germination may serve as the starting point. Too small to be easily followed in dried examples of seeds, it should be shown in drawings; and the young plants dried should be shown in various stages of development from the earliest period of independent life (with only root, hypocotyledon and
80 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [Sess. cxrx.
cotyledons visible) up to full maturity and death. The condition in which the plants pass the winter should be represented. The entire plants should be prepared to show all the organs visible at each period of life, and they should be selected to show the range of diversity within the species as regards roots, stems, leaves, and flowers, With each specimen should be a brief statement of habitat, exposure, soil, and food in it, and relationship to other specimens if grown as members of a series or for experimental aims. The inflorescence should be well shown, along with dissections of the flower and of its parts, with drawings of parts too small to be clearly observed in the dry state, and brief notes to draw attention to any points requiring or deserving explana- tion. The development of the flower should be shown, also the ovary and ovules; and the young embryos should have their development illustrated by drawings and _ brief explanations. So with the mature fruit and seed, the rupture of the fruit and the distribution of the seeds. The internal structure of these several parts should be indicated by sketches and brief explanations; and the organs of nutrition (root and leaf) should be well shown, being simple in this plant. The hairs on each part should be sketched and their uses indicated. The forms of hard waste ground, of agricultural soil, and so on, should be shown, as illustrating effects of environment and nutrition. The close connection between this plant and man’s occupancy of soil in Scotland should be indicated, with a brief note of its chief associates and its importance as a weed. As regards taxonomy, the cover should bear on it the synonymy of the plant; and one or more sheets should be given to a series of preparations to illustrate the characters of the various grades of classification, from species through genera to family at least, these preparations being accompanied by drawings and descriptions. A few examples from other species lable to be mistaken for charlock (e.g. Raphanus Raphanistrum, and some species of Brassica) may find a place, with notes calling attention to their distinctive. features.
The injuries done to seedlings by various beetles, and to older plants by gall-making beetles on roots, by caterpillars, by grubs mining in the leaves, by beetles in flowers or in fruits, are all of importance to the plants’ welfare, and should
Fes. 1905. ] BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 81
be shown by injured parts, and by figures of the insects. The fungus parasites are not less important, including such forms as Plasmodiophora Brassice, Peronospora parasitica, Cystopus candidus, and others, and should be similarly noticed, as also the connection of both the insects and the fungi, with turnips, cabbage, and other cultivated species of Brassica, increasing the hurtfulness of charlock as a weed.
The whin or gorse (Ulex europwus) may be treated from most of the points of view mentioned under charlock, but it exhibits certain features in addition, such as the marked fleshiness of cotyledons, the three-lobed early leaves, the adaptations of stems and leaves for defence and for special habitats, the influence on structure of a moist atmosphere, the woody stems, the symbiotic association with bacteria for nutrition in the root-tubercles, th highly specialised flowers and mode of pollination, among others less peculiar.
The inseet-capturing plants, the mycorhiza-symbionts, the partial and the complete parasites, and many others, afford striking examples of other extremely curious types; but the charlock may suffice (as representative of the great majority of plants) to show in how many aspects each may and should be regarded.
It may be objected that to commence a herbarium on so extensive a plan is to undertake a work impossible of completion. Ina sense that is true; and to me it appears a very real advantage that the herbarium should be planned to expand with each advance of our knowledge in botany, and also to give efficient aid in opening up new fields of inquiry. So planned, the motive to go on continues un- checked, for each step of progress only leads on to others not previously within sight.
I venture to think that such a herbarium as that suggested will be found a most valuable instrument in promoting the study of diving plants, in its formation no less than in its constant usefulness.
The PRESIDENT gave a communication on Saxifraga Grise- bachii and its allies, illustrated by both living and dried specimens.
Mr. R. D. Cote forwarded for exhibition a specimen of
Taxus baccata from a bog in Ireland. TRANS, BOT. SOC. EDIN. VOL. XXIII.
6
$2 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE (Sess. rxix.
Mr. SyMINGTON GRIEVE exhibited photographs of Knaur on oak ;
Mr. F. C. CrawrorbD, Fumaria occidentalis of Pugsley ; Mr. R. L. Harrow, peculiar root-growth on Rhodo- dendron, which had formed in a drain pipe; Potamogeton
Drvcei, and a witches’ broom on Myrsine africana.
Mr. L. Srewart showed Fasciation on Lopezia and on Reinwardtia. Also the Leat of Dracontiwm Gigas.
The thanks of the Society were given to these gentlemen.
Mar. 1905.] | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 83
MEETING OF THE SOCIETY, Thursday, March 9, 1905. Professor I. BayLeY Batrour, President, in the Chair.
On the motion of the PRESIDENT, the Fellows of the Society recorded in the minutes their deep sense of the loss they have experienced through the death of Mr. Patrick NEILL FraAsER, who for a long period gave freely his services to the Society as its Treasurer, and throughout his life promoted its interest in many ways. They desire to express their sincere sympathy with Mrs. Neill Fraser and family in their bereavement. (A copy of the record in the minutes was sent to Mrs. Neill Fraser by the HONORARY ASSISTANT- SECRETARY.)
Mr. PERICLES JOANNIDES was duly elected a Resident Fellow of the Society.
Mr. WILLIAM YOUNG read a paper on the “ Alpine Flora and Rarer Plants of Glenshee,’ and exhibited a series of dried specimens in illustration of the same.
THE ALPINE FLORA AND RARER PLANTS OF THE GLENSHEE District. By WILLIAM YOUNG:
Glenshee is situated in the extreme north-east corner of Perthshire—vice-county 89. It is best approached from Blairgowrie, from which it is distant about twenty miles. The hills on either side of the glen are of no great height— only from 2400 and 2600 feet above sea-level. The scenery is picturesque rather than grand. At the head of the glen is the Spittal, consisting of the inn, a few houses, and parish church. Here the glen branches; one arm—Glen Beag— striking due north, and through it runs the coach road to Braemar. The other branch is called Glen Lochaidh, which also gives off a branch parallel to Glen Beag, Glen Tatnich. There is no turnpike road through Glen Lochaidh, but a more or less well-marked footpath leads the pedestrian into Glen Tilt. There is also a footpath over the hills to
84 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [Skss. rxrx.
the west of Glenshee, leading to Pitlochry. The Spittal of Glenshee lies at an elevation of 1000 feet above sea-level ; therefore the air is bracing and healthful—an ideal holiday resort, “far from the madding crowd.” It is quite among the mountains; yet the botanist, who does not care for climbing, will find plenty to interest him among the sub- alpine plants by the roadsides, by the margins of the streams, or among the marshes of the three glens which converge at the Spittal. The botanist who aspires may attain to the 3000 feet line without difficulty; or he who essays rock- climbing will find stiff bits in plenty in the Glens of Caenlochan or Corrie Ceanmor, and sufficient use for an alpenstock to warrant one being carried.
Generally speaking, the locality is dry. I suppose, because the rain clouds from the Atlantic have discharged themselves of a large portion of their moisture on the higher mountains of Argyllshire and west Perthshire before reaching this district. The nearer rocks are the metamorphic rocks of the Highlands, composed chiefly of graphitic mica-schist and black slate, and are quite dry; consequently on them the cryptogamic flora is meagre and deficient in species, and the phanerogamic restricted and stunted. Some marshy ground on Ben Gulabin, two deep ravines at the head of Glen Beag, branching off to east and west, are the only places worth visiting for mosses and hepatics. One has to get into Caenlochan in Forfarshire, or into Corrie Ceanmor in south Aberdeen, to botanise really good wet rocks, The marshes at the head of Caenlochan are very good for carices and hepaties. The rocks have flowering plants in abundance.
There are comparatively few trees in the glens above the Spittal. Fir, birch, oak, and hazel are the chief, and they are much scattered. Above 1200 feet there are no trees at all, except in the gorges. In Caenlochan, at 1600 feet, there is a dense fir wood. The trunks are quite bare of mosses and hepatics, even foliaceous lichens are conspicuous by their absence — another indication of the comparatively dry climate. But you must not think it rains but seldom. I have lived there for a week, and it rained every day. Sleet and hail are not uncommon events in the middle of July. Then it is bitterly cold, and botanising is not a pleasure.
My experience of Glenshee as a botanical centre was
Mar. 1905.] | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH, 85
gained in the course of four visits. First in 1889, which was my first introduction to Alpine botany after meetings of the East of Seotland Union of Naturalists’ Societies held in Alford. Three of us walked from Ballater by Loch Muick, Dhti Loch, Carn Bannock, Glen Callater, Glen Clunie, and Glen Beag, arriving at the hotel in the small hours of the morning. The plants I gathered on this visit were named for me by Dr. John Macfarlane, a fellow townsman, once a prominent fellow of this Society, and now of Philadelphia, U.S.A. On that occasion we met Mr. William West of Bradford, and had several outings with him. Then in 1890, after the Montrose meetings of the Union, we were accompanied by Mr. Barclay and Mr. Meldrum of the Perthshire Naturalists’ Society. Next in 1897, Mr. Ewing, F.LS., President of the Glasgow Natural History Society and I explored the district for grasses and carices. In 1904 we were back again, accompanied by Mrs. Ewing, who is a splendid hill-climber and an enthusiastic botanist. This last visit was almost wholly occupied with searching for hepatics, assisting Mr. Maevicar in his records of their distribution in Scotland. As I had no idea, on any of these occasions, of making a record list of the flowering plants of the district, this paper cannot claim to be anything like complete in that respect. I have therefore made it more of the descriptive and less of the catalogue type, which I trust will not offend any of the traditions of this venerable Society.
I propose taking you, in imagination, first to Caenlochan (a tramp of about ten miles), the richest in Alpine plants in the district. Starting from the hotel at 8 a.m. we walk up Glen Beag, which is shut in at its upper end by the conical-shaped mass of the Cairnwell. A gradual rise of 1000 feet takes place in six miles, the summit of the mountain rising 1060 feet higher. The pass is very narrow; practically room only for the burn at the bottom of the “ V,” made by the hills on either side. By the roadside we notice abundance of our native edelweiss—Gnaphalium supinwm. Near the summit of the road, and on the steepest part of it, there are two awkward acute angles in the road, forming the letter Z, called the Devil’s Elbow—a most difficult place to negotiate with a coach and four. A little further on and we are standing on the watershed between Tay and Dee. Leaving
86 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [ Sess. LXIX.
the road we begin to ascend Meal Odhar, lying to the east. There is a steady rise of 1000 feet to the top of the ridge connecting it with Glas Maol. On the slopes and knolls there is any quantity of Loiseleuria procumbens; and among the heather the cloudberry, Rubus Chamemorus, is pientiful, as also Melampyrum sylvaticum, var. montanum, and Hypericum pulchrum. Cushions of Silene acaulis overhang the rocks and boulders. At the summit is the cairn in which the boundary lines of the three counties of Perth, Forfar, and Aberdeen meet. By the side of the fence, and on the Perthshire side of it, is a marsh in which these plants of Carex rariflora were gathered. This station, the only one in the county, was first discovered by Mr. Ewing. Crossing the ridge a well-marked sheep-track leads round the Corrie of Glas ~~ Maol, where the Alpine species of the grasses Phiewm and Alopecurus used to be plentiful, but very few were visible last year. Near a spring Cochlearia Grenlandica was gathered, and very fine clumps of the lovely blue Veronica alpina were seen. In July last there were two large patches of snow in the Corrie. We walked this way six times, and on each occasion saw numbers of ptarmigan. In one covey there were twenty-two full-grown birds—a most unusual sight, as one seldom meets with more than two or four in the mountains. Climbing up the eastern side of the Corrie the ground is seen to be covered with Salix herbacea and Potentilla Sibbaldt. Tn a few minutes the bogs at the head of the famous glen are reached. Here carices are plentiful. Among them some curious forms of curta and echinata occur. Cares approximata was found here by Mr. Ewing some years ago. He also found a curious form of aquatilis. I have also seen it in situ. When growing, the stem has the appearance of a corkscrew. He named it “spiralis,” but it has not yet been admitted by the authorities. From the edge of the rocks a view of the whole glen can be had, with its amphi- theatre of precipices rising several hundred feet from the stream, which is the river Isla at its source. On the grassy places the herd of deer may generally be seen browsing, sometimes as many as 200 of them.
The rocks at the head of the Corrie are composed of a slaty-black schist, which weathers very rapidly, and becomes like clay, resembling very closely the blaze from coal-pits.
Max. 1905,] | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 87
They are dripping-wet rocks, rising in shelves or narrow ledges, on which the rare Alpine plants grow. Gentiana nivalis is the most noteworthy. It is scarce, but Dryas octopetala and Erigeron alpinum are plentiful, likewise Saxifraga oppositifolia, Veronie, alpina, Potentilla rubens, Sedum roseum, Cerastium alpinum, with the Alpine form of trivialis and Luzula spicata, together with several rare species of Hieracium and Salix in abundance. Of carices, atrata, vaginata, capillaris, rigida, and pulla are the most frequent. Between this clay or slaty-black schist and an adjoining mass of chlorite schist there is a narrow dyke of red granitic friable rock, which is much weathered, and forms a large scree, through which a small stream percolates. In this gravelly bed Vhlaspi alpestre and Veronica fruticans, as well as the Lpilobia, alsinefolium, and anagallidifolium, flourish. Suxifraga nivalis is found on the chlorite schist on the other side of the gully. In this glen, at an elevation of 3000 feet, in moist, sheltered places, some of our lowland plants find a congenial home. Lychnis dioica, Geranium sylvaticum, Angelica sylvestris, and Geum rivale are the most conspicuous. The campion has very bright pink petals, and the geranium very dark purple, both much more vivid than in the same low-country plants. The plants themselves are strong, even rank. Alpine plants, in general, have brightly coloured and relatively large flowers. Their period of blooming is short, consequently the vegetative part is small, so that the energy of the plant is put into the flower. They are adapted to their environment, for dwarf plants are less liable to injury from storms of wind. They are more easily protected by a covering of snow, and they can better utilise the heat of the earth. Alpine plants are mostly perennials, so that the ripening of seed is not of so much importance. One notable exception is Gentiana nivalis, which is an annual. This may account for its scarcity in some seasons. Few plants may have had time to ripen their seed the autumn before. I have seen it several times in Ben Lawers. In some seasons one could count them by dozens; in others it took some searching to find one or two plants, and they were poor things, with a single bloom, and only one inch high. A few species of plants perpetuate themselves by means of bulbils or by becoming viviparous. Of the former the best example is Sazifraga
88 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE (Sess. xxix.
cernua, found in this country only on the top of Ben Lawers ; of the latter method, Polygonum viviparvm is a common example. Poa alpina, a rare grass, is generally viviparous.
Canness Glen is a branch of Caenlochan. Their united streams form the river Isla. JLactuca alpina has been recorded from Canness, but I have never visited it. A mile or two farther east is the knoll called Little Culrannoch, at the head of Glen Doll, where the rare Lychnis alpina is associated with the sea-side plants, Armeria maritima and Cochlearia officinalis,
Due north from this, and on the other side of the water- shed, lies Corrie Ceanmor, whose loch drains into Loch Callater and thence into the Dee. It is impossible to do this Glen and Caenlochan in one day—to Corrie Ceanmor and back is about twenty-four miles. We are now in Aberdeenshire, and the rocks are granitic. They are very precipitous. Flower- ing plants are scarce. Swussurea alpina grows luxuriantly on some of the ledges. Thalictrum alpinum and Rubus saxatilis are plentiful, and there are a number of willows—myrsinites, reticulata, and lapponum, lanata perhaps being the most noteworthy. The Cyperacee are more common, as Carex vaginata, atrata, panicea, capillaris, and rupestris, the rarest of all) Many years ago Sadler found Carex frigida, and I suppose it has been found by no one else. Last year we spent an hour or two looking for it, without success. I have seen Sadler’s specimen in the Botanic Garden herbarium here. I am not in a position to say whether it is a good species or not; but I have gathered plants of binervis, which very closely resemble it in general appearance. Juncus li- and tri-glumis frequently occur; castanevs has also been recorded, but I have not come across it here. There is a large quantity of the parsley fern growing among the debris of one of the screes. The holly fern and the green spleen- wort are plentiful everywhere ; and on many of the grassy ledges the moonwort may be seen, as well as Athyrium alpestre,on the slopes. Saxifraga hypnoides—a common plant on our rockeries—has its home high up on the rocks; and festoons of oppositifolia are on every hand, though blooms are generally scarce in the month of July. The variety Drummond-Hayi of Rhinanthus Crista-galli, named by Dr. Buchanan White after his friend, is also found here.
Mar. 1905.] | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 89
Lochnagar can scarcely be considered in the Glenshee district, as it is about fifteen miles distant on the map. To walk there from Glenshee is a good twenty miles stretch. In July 1897, Mr. Ewing and I left the Spittal at eight o’clock one morning, and drove to the foot of the Cairnwell. We ascended Meal Odhar, and walked round the Corrie as I have described going to Caenlochan. On the east side we kept to the left hand, and ascended to the ridge, where we struck a stony footpath over the top of Carn-na-Glasha, Great screes run down into the Corrie, and extensive snow- drifts are usually lying there as late as July. Following the ridge passing close to the edge of Corrie Ceanmor we next ascended the Tolmount, then on to Fafernie, where we could see down Glen Callater, with the houses of Braemar in the distance. From Carn Bannock, the next hill, a magnificent view can be had to every point of the compass. Perhaps the grandest piece of scenery in the whole district is from this point eastwards. At our feet lies the tiny Dht Loch, its waters looking as black as ink, with a silver edging of white sand all round it. Frowning down upon it on both sides are precipitous crags, the one to the north being the White Mount—a spur of Lochnagar. Further on, Loch Muick hes shimmering in the summer sun. We soon reached the pony- track up the side of Lochnagar. We searched in vain for Carex approximata in the well-known station. Passing over the summit the great ravine was descended and the rocks in it were explored. Some fine plants of Swaifraga rivularis were gathered, as also Gnaphalium norvegicum. Lactuca alpina was also growing vigorously on the same slope. When we regained the summit we were enveloped in dense mist and the day was gone. It was about 6 p.m. We had these twenty miles of hill country to traverse. While daylight lasted, in spite of the mist, we made good progress, guided by compass and map. With the fall of darkness a gale sprang up, bringing heavy showers of rain and sleet, making us decidedly uncomfortable when exposed to its ful] force on the ridges. We clung closely to the deer- fence for guidance, thus making the journey much longer, as we had to follow its windings from hill-top to hill-top. It led through bogs occasionally, where the going was somewhat heavy. Scatheless we descended rocky places, of which we had
90 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [Szss. LxIx.
been afraid to attempt the ascent in broad daylight. About eleven o'clock there was a lull in the storm, and we were delighted to discern the straight line of the fence by the roadside at the foot of the Cairnwell. The remainder of our journey (six miles) was performed in a terrific thunderstorm. Rain came down in torrents, making the road ankle-deep in liquid mud which raced down the steeper parts with great force. The lightning flashed in the darkness with dazzling brilliancy, and the loud crashes of thunder overhead rever- berated among the hills in an awe-inspiring manner. About half-past one we reached the hotel, finding the inmates and visitors in a great state of excitement over our delayed return. They were arranging a search party, when, fortunately for them, we walked in. Next day, when we showed them what we had gone for—these plants of Gnaphalium norvegicwm— I have no doubt they considered it a great waste of energy. The landlord declared the plants grew in plenty by the dyke- side, a few yards from the hotel. He referred to the species sylvaticum ; similar, but quite distinct from norvegicum.
For those who do not care for these long excursions, there is plenty of sub-alpine plants on the low ground to interest the botanist, and with less hard work. As I have already said, the rocks close by are very dry, so there is nothing to be found on them. Behind Ben Gulabin, Betula nana grows in marshy ground in considerable quantity ; and on the rising ground near at hand, Rubus Chamemorus in splendid and abundant fruit was noticed last July, also a few plants of Pyrola secunda and Cornus suecica. In 1885, Mr. Ewing gathered in the neighbourhood Hpipactis atro-rubens, but the station has been lost. Galiwm sylvestre, recorded by Dr. Buchanan White in 1886, we also failed to meet with. By the road-side, both above and below the hotel, Alchemilla alpina is Common, as also some of the grasses, as Avena pratensis, var. alpina, Sieglingia decumbens, and Deschampsia ceespitosa, var. alpina.
Glen Lochaidh once contained a plant now extinct— Thlaspi alpestre. Dr. B. White records having seen it here in August 1886—only a few plants; and he adds, “As it appears to be very scarce, it is to be hoped that botanists will give it a chance of becoming more abundant.’ Whether botanists have despised that hope I know not. It is certain
Mar. 1905.] | BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 91
the plant has vanished from Glen Lochaidh. As it grew on a scree, it may have been overwhelmed by a fall of rock after severe frost.
Cnicus heterophyllus, the melancholy thistle, with its tall, solitary purple heads, is a striking feature on the river banks, Carex ovalis, var. bracteata, occurs in large tufts mixed with stems of the normal form. Sazxifraga aizoides and Oxyriu digyna may be found by the margins of the streams among the gravel. In Glen Tatnich, Habenaria albida occurs in the meadows. In the marshes, Veronica scutellata is not uncommon. Ina deep gorge,in one of the hill-sides, Vicia sylvatica was overhanging the torrent in magnificent clumps. Here, also, I gathered very fine specimens of Sausswrea alpina.
By the road-side, near the hotel, Mewm athamanticum attracts one by its powerful aroma. In marshy ground Tofieldia palustris and Triglochin palustre may be seen. The common rock-rose is very plentiful on the dry banks. Trientalis Europea, Trollius Europea, Genista anglica, Polentilla sylvestris, and Antennaria dioica are also worthy of mention. The usual species of Vaccinium and Erica are to be found all over the hill-sides. There is one Alpine conspicuous by its absence, Linnea borealis. Lycopodium annotinum is also absent, though clavatum and alpinum are very frequent.
Many of these plants are found in all the localities I have mentioned; but, for obvious reasons, I have, with few excep- tions, only recorded them here as from one. Some others, such as critical species of Hieracitwm and of Salix, I have not referred to, because many of them, although I have specimens in my herbarium, I have not gathered myself.
Mr. YounG received the very cordial thanks of the meeting for his interesting communication.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDOouGALL gave an account of the Woodpecker in its relation to Forestry, and exhibited speci- mens of wood which had suffered from the attack of this bird. An interesting discussion followed.
The PRESIDENT contributed a note on Erica Tetraliz, L., subsp. Mackayi, Hook., flore pleno, Crawford’s Heath.
92 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [Sess. rar.
Mr. R. N. RupMosE Brown exhibited two plants from Gough Island, Lomaria boryana and Spartina arundinacea, collected during the voyage of the Scottish Antarctic Expedi- tion, 1902-4.
Mr. F. C. CRAWFORD showed Carex binervis, var. Sadleri;
Mr. H. F. Tace, a large sclerotium of Polyporus Mylitte (Blackfellows’ Bread);
And Dr. BorTHwIck, a large collection of the Cones of the Abietinez.
The cordial thanks of the meeting were tendered to the above gentlemen for their exhibitions.
Aprit 1905.] BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 93
MEETING OF THE SOCIETY, Thursday, April 13, 1905. Professor I. Baytey Baurour, President, in the Chair.
Dr. A. W. BorTHWIcK gave notice of a motion regarding the time of meeting of the Society during the winter session.
Mr, WILLIAM YouNG read a paper on the “ Hepatics of Glenshee.”
THe Hepatics OF THE GLENSHEE District. By WILLIAM YOUNG.
This paper contains the results of a week spent in Glenshee in the month of July 1904 for the purpose of working up the hepatic flora, and, if possible, adding to the records of their distribution at present being collected by Mr. Symers M. Maevicar. I am much indebted to him for examining and naming all the plants herein mentioned, and so they may be regarded as authentic.
The localities visited were the same as those described in my communication at last meeting on the Alpine flora of the district. There is, therefore, no need for a lengthened description of the features of the country, either geologically or otherwise, on this occasion. Briefly, the nett results were to add 12 new records of species and varieties for East Perth- shire—vice-county, 89; 6 for Forfarshire—yv.-c.,90; and 5 for South Aberdeenshire—v.-c., 92.
One of the records for v.c. 89 was also new to Scotland. This was Cephaloziella Jackii (Limpr.) It is only a few years since it was discovered in Britain, as Spruce in his mono- graph of “Cephalozia,” published in 1882, gives no British station forit. Cooke’s “ Handbook” of 1894 does not mention it. Lett, however, in 1904 quotes it from three provinces—Corn- wall, the Mersey, and the Lake Districts. It was gathered at the head of Glen Beag among the roots of a juniper bush grow- ing by the side of a boulder. When returning the specimen Mr. Maevicar wrote me: “As it is an addition to Scotland,
94 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE [Szss. LxIx.
and is a minute plant, I sent a piece to Mr. Pearson, who has confirmed my naming, so that you may be at ease about it being correct. It is a nice addition to our flora.” It has since been gathered by Miss Macvicar in Dumfriesshire.
Of the 12 new records for v.c. 89, 10 were gathered in the course of one afternoon in a single locality—a marsh between Ben Gulabin and Carn Mor at an elevation of 2000 ft. Of these there are two which are sufficiently rare to deserve special mention—Lophozia socia (Nees), and Harpanthus Flotowianus, Nees. Lophozia socia has only been found in four vice-counties in Scotland. Harpanthus was plentiful by the side of rills in the marsh. It is easily distinguished by the small round notch at the apex of the leaf. This plant was discovered in Shetland by Mr. John Sim in the year 1878, and was fully described by Mr. Pearson in the “ Trans- actions ” of this Society for 1879. It was then called “a new British hepatic.” Five years earlier, however, it had been gathered by the Rev. Mr. Ferguson in Aberdeenshire, and named Jungermania bantriensis. The error was discovered by Mr. Maevicar. The other records for the county were :—
Aplozia pumila ( With.) Cephalozia connivens ( Dicks.) Lophozia bicrenata (Schmid.) Odontoschisma Sphagna Lophozia Floerkii, var. Bau- (Dicks.)
eriand Pleuroclada albescens and Sphenolobus exsecteformis Nardia obovata
(Breidl.)
This single afternoon’s outing yielded some 40 species in all. Of course this includes some which are common everywhere, and one continually comes across them on the hills, such as Frullania Tamarisci, Nardia scalaris, Lophozia ventricosa, Diplophyllum albicans, Lejeunea cavifolia (Ehrh.), ete. There were a few, however, which, though not records for the county, may be mentioned :—Cephalozia pleniceps ; Cephalozia leucantha, Spruce ; Lophozias, bantriensis and gracilis ; Spheino- lobus minutus ;, Scapania uliginosa, and Chiloscyphos pallescens. The two Mylias, Taylori and anomala, were very common. This marshy ground seemed a likely place for